2y IDs

Question 1

what type of virus is HIV

Answer 1

retrovirus

Question 2

what cells does HIV primarily infect

Answer 2

CD4+ T cells

Question 3

how does HIV target and enter CD4+ T cells

Answer 3

using gp120 envelope protein which binds to CD4 receptor and co-receptor (CXCR4/CCR5) on host cell surface

Question 4

when HIV is in host cell what enzyme does it use to convert its RNA genome into DNA

Answer 4

reverse transcriptase

Question 5

what enzyme does HIV use to integrate its DNA into host cell’s genome

Answer 5

integrase

Question 6

what leads to AIDS development

Answer 6

HIV persists in body for years and depleting CD4+ T cells and weakening IS.

Question 7

AIDS treatment

Answer 7

antiretrovial therapy (ART)

Question 8

5 host factors that can influence HIV progression

Answer 8

host genetics - some HLA alleles slow disease progression

Age at infection - younger is worse

co-infections with other viruses

immune activation (chronic inflammation/co-infections)

malnutrition + vitamin deficiencies

behaviour (substance abuse/poor ART adherence)

Question 9

3 stages of HIV clinical progression

Answer 9

acute
chronic
AIDS

Question 10

symptoms in acute HIV which can last a few weeks

Answer 10

fever
fatigue
rash

Question 11

how long can chronic stage of HIV last

Answer 11

several years

Question 12

3 AIDS symptoms

Answer 12

weight loss
night sweats
fever
diarrhoea

Question 13

3 ways HIV mutation can impact disease progression

Answer 13

ART resistance

Tropism - evolve to enter cells using different co-receptors

mutations affecting the fitness of the virus - slow progression

mutation to escape recognition by the immune system - faster progression

Question 14

how is HIV primarily spread

Answer 14

blood, semen, breast milk (bodily fluids)

Question 15

what value is CD4+ t cell count below in AIDS diagnosis

Answer 15

below 200 cells per microliter of blood