Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CPPS 304 > Autocoids > Flashcards

Autocoids Flashcards

1
Q

What two greek words are in Autacoids?

A

“Autos” - self
“Akos” - Medicinal Agent or Remedy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Act beyond their site of production carried by way of bloodstream for selective action elsewhere in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Autacoids?

A

Local Hormones - Have a brief lifetime and act near their site of synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 4 examples of Autocoids?

A
  • Histamine
  • Prostaglandins
  • Leukotrienes
  • Serotonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is Histamine stored?

A

Mast Cells and Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What receptors does histamine act on and what is their effect?

A

H1Receptor: Mediated Allergic Reactions; Can Act as a NT in the Nervous System

H2 Receptor: Promortes Gastric Acid Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is histamine bound to when stored?

A

Heparin Sulfate
OR
Chondroitin sulfate E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How and why is histamine released?

A

Released by exocytosis in response to allergens.

Mediated by IgE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What drugs promote histamine release?

A
  • Opioids (Morphine)
  • NMJ Competitive Blocks (tubocuranine)

These typically causes itch to develop. Commonly used in anesthesia.

These displace histamine from the heparin0protien complex in mast cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some drugs that prevent histamine release?

A
  • Cromolyn (Sodium Cromoglycate)
  • Theophylline/Aminophylline
  • Beta-2 Agonists - Ventolin - Salbutamol (Also cause Bronchodilation)

Cromolyn = Mast Cell Stabilizer - Prevents Degranulation
Does not affect IgE or Allergen Binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What allergic indications is Sodium Cromoglycated used for?

A

Allergic Rhinitis - Nose Spray
Allergic Conjunctivitis - Eye Drops
Asthma - Inhaler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the action of histamine at H1 receptors cause at various differnt organs?

A

Respiratory - Bronchoconstrictions

Skin - Pain, Itching

Reductions in Vascular Resistance - Decreased Blood Pressure; Increased Heart Rate (Dilates Blood Vessels)

Gastointestinal Smooth Muscle - Relaxing/Contraction

Gall Bladder - Smooth Muscle Contraction

Dilation of Blood Vessels can cause closure of upper airways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism of antihistamines and what is it used for?

A

Mechanism: H1 receptor Antagonists

Used to mediate itch - Histamine not only mediator of itch so effect depends on what is causing itch

In the CNS causes Sedation - Particularly with 1st generation agents, which cross the BBB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are antihistamine drugs most effective?

A

Taking on a regular basis proactively for managing seasonal allergies.

Not as good for acute anaphylactic attacks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do Antihistamines not work in Anaphylaxis?

A

It works to slow and too late.

At the time of Anaphylaxis, histamine has already been released and bound to receptors - the downstream effects of histamine are the ones that need to be addressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the routes of administration of antihistamines?

A

Oral

Topical - Dermal; Opthalmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 types of of Oral antihistamines?

A

1st Generation: Benadryl and Topical Diphenhydramine - Crosses BBB and causes sedation.

2nd Generation: Loratadine (Claritin) - Non Sedating - Does not cross BBB.

Advantage to sedating is that itch can cause trouble sleeping.

Sedation at night can persist to the next morning.

18
Q

What type of side effect do many antihistamines have?

A

Anticholinergic Effects - Dry Mouth

Especially First Generation.

19
Q

What are the 2 isoforms of COX and what are their unique properties?

A

New NSAIDS focus on COX 2 to prevent stomach ulcers.

19
Q

What is the Arachidonic Acid Cascade?

A
19
Q

Describe the COX pathway.

COX - Cycloxygenase.

A

COX converts arachiodonic acid to PGH2 which is then acted upon by various enzymes to form:

PGE2 - Mediated Fever, Pain, Inflammation, Vasodilation, Mucous Production (Protective).
TxA2 - Platelet Aggregation; Vasoconsriction
PGI2 - Platelet Inhibition; Vasodilation

Drugs that block this pathway result in: Analgesia, Anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic - Can lead to GI ulcers.
20
Q

How did they make the selective blockers of COX only work on COX 2?

A

Made them bulkier so they could only reach the binding site of COX 2 and did not fit in COX 1.

21
Q

What was an unexpected problem of selective COX-2 inhibitors?

A

Cardiovascular Complication.

Heart Attacks

22
Q

What what the pharmacological reasoning why selective COX-2 inhibitors caused heart attacks?

A
23
Q

What are the most noteworthy drugs that target prostaglandins?

A

NSAIDS

24
Q

What are the targets other than COX in the COX pathway?

A

PGI2 - Prostacyclin
TxA2 (Thromboxane A2)
PGF2a

25
Q

What drug is used to treat pulmonary hypertension and is a prostacyclin analogue?

In PH, vessels in the lungs become constricted, causes strain on the heart and right heart failure.

A

Epoprostenol

Must be given intravenously through catheter/infusion pump.

26
Q

What is the side effect of Prostacyclin and Epoprostenol?

A

Bleeding - Has Anti-Platelet Effects.

27
Q

What drugs target Thromboxane A2 and used to treat peripheral artery disease(PAD)?

A

TRASI - Thromboxane Receptor Antagonist or/and Synthase Inhibitor

Picotamide - Used in Europe

28
Q

What effects does PGF2a have?

A

Promotes uterine Contractions

Promotes outflow of aqueous humour from the eye.

29
Q

What drugs are used to promote secretion of GI mucous, abortions, and Management of Glaucoma?

A

PGF2a Analogues

Misoprostol - Abortion

Latanaprost - Glaucoma

30
Q

What are some examples of Leukotrienes?

A

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Cysteinyl Leukotrienes

They. mediate inflammation, allergy, bhronchoconstricition.

31
Q

Describe the Lipoxygenase Pathway.

A
32
Q

What are some examples of Leukotriene targeting drugs and where do they target in the Lipoxygenase pathway?

A
Leukotriene Antagonist: Montelukast - Canada 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor - Zileuton
33
Q

What are the benefits of LTRA (Leukotrine Receptor Antagonists)?

A
  • Well Tolerated
  • Can be used orally
  • Interest in investigating leukotriene inhibitors for other inflammatory conditions.

Used in Canada

34
Q

What type are most serotonin receptors?

A

G-Protein coupled

And Various subtypes

5HT-1 - 5HT-7

35
Q

What is another name for serotonin?

A

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT)

36
Q

What are the main sites of action of serotonin and what is their role?

A

GI Tract (Enterochromaffin Cells) - Major source of Serotonin

Platelets - Results in platelet aggregation.

Brain - Key role in anxiety and depression.

37
Q

What do we do to improve symptoms of depression?

A

Promote Serotonin

Almosot all antidepressants work by promoting 5HT in the CNS

38
Q

What mechanism do antidepressants use?

A

Reuptake Inhibition

Leaves more NT in the synapse.

Most drugs inhibit reuptake of Seotonin, Noradrenaline, Dopamine
39
Q

What is an example of a selective reuptake inhibitor for serotonin used to treat depression?

A

Fluoxetine

40
Q

What are the properties of the different serotonin receptors?

A

CPPS 304 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions