Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 1

What is autism spectrum disorder

Answer 1

Distinctive behavioural abnormalities

Removed from social interactions & communication

Question 2

Epidemiology of ASD

Answer 2

1/200 – 1%

M:F = 4:1

More common in those with learning disabilities

Question 3

Pathophysiology of ASD

Answer 3

Many synaptic proteins implicated – glutaminergic, GABA

Severity of neurotransmitter – effects synaptic function (normal IQ)  effects synaptic function, neural migration & brain development (LD)

Question 4

Cause ASD

Answer 4

Strongly genetic

Co-morbid with congenital/genetic disorder – Rubella, Callosal agenesis, Down’s syndrome, Fragile X, Tuberous sclerosis

Question 5

Risk factors for ASD

Answer 5

Low IQ

Epilepsy (30%)

Question 6

Presentation of ASD

Answer 6

Pervasive (onset <3), across settings (features of brain development & function)

Persistent deficits in social communication & interaction

Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities

Impaired imagination

Emotional dysregulation

Altered sensory sensitivity, processing problems

Question 7

Management ASD

Answer 7

Recognition, description & acknowledgement of disability

Establishing needs

Decrease demands -> reduce stress -> improve coping

Psychopharmacology

Psychoeducation

Special schools/programmes

Question 8

Complications ASD

Answer 8

LD

Disturbed sleep & eating

Hyperactivity

Anxiety & depression

OCD

School avoidance

Aggression, temper tantrums

Self-injury, self-harm, suicidal behaviour