Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Peds Fall 2020 > Autism 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Autism 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Prevalence of autism
Boys: Girls
Familial risk if sibling has it

A

1/56
4:1
18% risk of sibling having it if other does.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Autism signs

A

Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, communication (nonverbal, poor eye contact), developmental and maintaining/understanding relationships.

Repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Absence of social smile
Echolalia (repeating words) 
Likes routine
Toe walking 
Harmful behaviors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Level 1, 2, and 3 of autism

A

Level 1 is well functioning, level 3 is severe deficits. level 3 is very limited social interactions and very difficult to deal with change. Repetitive behaviors all over.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aspergers

A

One sided social approach, no significant delays in early language development or cognitive development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Childhood disintegrative disorder

A

Abrupt loss of skills such as language, social skills, adaptive behavior, bladder, play, motor.
Could be due to seizures. 50% have abnormal EEG.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rett Syndrome

A

Genetic mutation of the meCP2 gene.
Females&raquo_space;»»»> males
Normal development until 5 months, then regression.

Lack of hand skills, spoken languages.
Abnormal gait and hand movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 main categories that can be risk factors for autism

A

Genetics
Environmental- viral infection?
Pregnancy- premature, mother/father age, complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neurochemistry differences in autism

A

Abnormal cerebellum
Normal brain volume at birth, frontal lobe is larger at ages 2-4.
Surplus of synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Screening tests for autism (MCHAT)

A

M-CHAT modified checklist for autism in toddlers.
parent answers- yes or no questions.
Ages 16-30 months.

Good specificity (98%)
Poor sensitivity (30%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gold standard diagnostic test for autism

A

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)
Ages 12 months to adult.
max 30 minute modulates to test communication, social interactions and play.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 Diagnostic tests for autism

A

Autism diagnostic interview. 18mos- adult.

ADOS Autism diagnostic observation schedule 12 months- adult.

Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. Ages 3-22.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vision in autism

A

Ret findings: 18% hyperopa and astigmatism. 9% myopia.

Strab 21% XT

Takes 1-16 weeks to adapt to specs.

Lateral glancing, absence of joint attention, poor eye contact. Stimming.

Reduced NPC

Large lag of accommodation +1.00 or greater.

Abnormal binocular rivalry

Abnormal face scanning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Autism most likely to have what refractive error and which strab

A

Hyperopia + astigmatism

XT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hyper and hypo sensitive vision behaviors

A

Hyper- focus on tiny pieces of objects. Dusts, ants. Dislikes bright lights, covers eyes, looks down.

Hypo- Looks at objects, finger/object flicking, touching objects, likes shiny objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Autism tx

A

Early intervention
Speech/communication/occupational therapy
Meds to minimize symptoms and prevent harmful behaviors.

Goal is to increase visual and body awareness.

Ex:
Risperidone for aggression.
SSRIs for depression and anxiety.
Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Basic exam if child is unwilling

A

F&F or CSM
Gross ret
Hirschberg
Red reflex (no view of nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Yoked prism in autism

A

Observe the degree they seem to look and connect to things and people. See if symptoms improve. Throw a ball and see if they catch it easier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Body awareness training

A

Angles in the snow. Start on floor then standing.
Chalkboard circles. Start in air then draw.
3x3 hop. Start both feet.
Walking rail. See if they toe walk.
ID body parts on drawing.
Simon says

19
Q

ADHD types (3) and ratio of boys:girls.

A

Combined (80%)
Inattentive (10-15%)
Hyperactive-impulsive (5%)

2:1
3-10% prevalence of all children.

20
Q

Signs of inattentive ADHD based on the DSM 5

A 
Fails to give close attention to details
Difficulty sustaining attention
Does not listen when spoken to 
Does not follow through with assignments 
Difficulty organizing
21
Q

Signs of hyperactive ADHD based on the DSM 5

A

Fidgets
Leaves seat often
Runs around or climbs during inappropriate times.
Unable to engage in leisure quiet activities

22
Q

ADHD diagnosis is by who

A

Psychiatrist, psychologist, pediatrician, neurologist, social worker.

23
Q

ADHD diagnosis is made by what tests

A

DSM 5
Observation
Checklist or rating scales (connors, vanderbilt)
Parent or teacher reports.

24
Q

3 categories of risk factors for ADHD

A

Genetics
Pregnancy difficulties- LBW, premature, alcohol.
Postnatal- lead exposure, injury to prefrontal cortex

25
Q

Neurochemistry of ADHD

A

Frontal subcortical systems. Catecholamine disruption. Brains 3-4% smaller.

26
Q

ADHD and CI

A

Frequent difficulty concentrating
Loss of place
Re-read
Trouble remembering what you read.

27
Q

ADHD tx option and side effects

A

psycho stimulant:
Dopamine
Motor tics, vision changes/problems with accommodation, blurry vision, HA.

Methylphenidate, dexmethylphenidate, dextroamphetamine.

Non stimulants:
Atomoxetine HCL- NE reuptake inhib. Increases dopamine levels.
Guanfacine.
Clonidine. Alpha 2 agonist. Decreases sympathetic outflow.

28
Q

Two types of translocations

A

Partial and full.

29
Q

Trisomy 13

Trisomy 18

A

13: Patau’s. CNS and cardio malformations. 95% die before 3.
18: Edwards. Microcephaly, cardiac, and renal abnormalities. 90-95% die before 1.

30
Q

Down syndrome 3 types and which is most common

A

Trisomy 21: 95% of cases

Translocation: Portion of 21 breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome. 3-4%

Mosacism: Some cells have 46 chr, some have 47. (1% of cases)

31
Q

Down syndrome characteristics

A 
Large protruding tongue 
Poorly defined ears
Small nose with small bridge 
Stubby hands
Brachycephaly (flattened back of skull)
32
Q

Systemic conditions associated with down syndrome

A 
Hearing problems 75% 
Sleep apnea 75%
Cardiac malformations 45%
Decreased muscle tone 20% 
Leukemia 
infertility
33
Q

Down syndrome and VA

A

Amblyopia due to strab

Check VA using matching HOTV

Emmetropization does not occur.

Astigmatism and hyperopia common. (62% have greater than +2.00 hyperopia)

Poor accommodation and convergence system. Doesn’t work together well- muscle weakness.

Premature aging of lens.

34
Q

JAAPOS study down syndrome

A

Showed 89% compliance when given a bifocal lens.

35
Q

Accommodation in down syndrome

A

Measure with dynamic ret.
Flat top
placement-
power-

36
Q

Strabismus and down syndrome

A

Upslanting palpebral fissures.
Hypertelorism.
Epicanthal folds may appear as pseudostrab.
35% strab eso&raquo_space; exo. Alternating common.

37
Q

Ocular signs of down syndrome

A

Blepharitis due to lid anatomy.
Brushfield spots in iris.
Keratoconus. May notice scissors reflex on ret. Not smooth. Cyl axis changes. Fleisher’s ring on cornea or striations.

38
Q

Cataracts and down syndrome

A

up to 17% have. Can be congenital or age related.

Surgery may be high risk.

39
Q

Turner syndrome.
Karyotype
Systemic symptoms

A

45, X karyotype

Short, non functioning ovaries, webbed neck, cubits valgus (arm bend)

40
Q

Turner syndrome ocular findings

A 
33% strab 
40% CI 
40% AI ???
21% ptosis 
35% epicanthus 
10% red green defect.

May see increased IOP or pseudotumor cerebrii.

41
Q

Kleinfelter syndrome
Karyotype
Systemic symptoms

A

47 XXY

75% never diagnosed.
Primary testicular insufficiency (infertility)
Metabolic syndrome- overweight. 50%

42
Q

Kleinfelter syndrome ocular findings

A

Smaller foveal avascular zone.
Thinner retina and cornea.

Epicanthal folds, hypertelorism, strab, myopia.

43
Q

Fragile X syndrome
What kind of mutation
More common in which gender
Neuro symptoms

A

Genetic mutation on FMRI gene. Portion of X chr appears fragile and about to break.
More common in males. X linked.
Could be asymptomatic or severe.

Developmental delays, speech problems, cognitive impairment, smilier features in autism. Seizures more common in males.

44
Q

Fragile X physical and ocular characteristics

A

After puberty manifestations: Large head, long narrow face, joint hyper mobility, speech problems.

Epicanthal folds.

Peds Fall 2020 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions