Authors Flashcards
Experiment; Social influence; Visual Perception; depth cues
Hudson, 1960
Social influence on visual perception (experiment)
Aim/Hypothesis: Investigated the individual difference in depth perception of 2D and 3D images in Caucasion vs. African cultures.
Participants/Method:
* 4 Caucasian groups (3 w/ school; 1 w/o); 7 African groups (3 w/ schooling; 4 w/o)
* All groups asked about their perception on series of 2D and 3D images. Images were specifically constructed with key visual perception cues suchas object sizing, depth cues, use of overlap and shadows to create 2D and 3D
Results:
* Samples w/o schooling from both cultures were able to percieve 2d images but were not able the use visual cues to indicate 3D perception. Sample with schooling showed cultural differences with Cuacasian samples showing a much higher rate of 3D perception of images compared with the African groups with similar schooling experience.
* Concluded that there are cultural differences in the perception of 2D and 3D images
Evaluation:
* A varied and socially controlled sample was used, suggesting high reliability of results
* Study only investigated depth cues and how these affected perceptions of dimensions
* Only two groups of cultures were investigated to the generalisability of these results to cultures outside of Caucasion and African is questionable
* Reasons for difference perceptions (i.e. whether participants percieved 2D or 3D) were ot investigated and may not be solely cultural. Further research should aim to collect qualitative data to investigate this possibility.
Social influence; visual perception; perspection
Deregowski, 1972
Social influence on visual perception, with reference to cultural skills
Aim/Hypothesis
* Investiagte whether the perception of pictures relies on learning. Used three different studies where Western cultures and African cultures (e.g. Zambia) viewed 3D pictures
Method
* First test: Hudson’s test. Consists of series of pictures in which various combinations of three pictorial depth cues (relative size, superimposition and linear perspective) were presented and participants asked “What is the man doing with the spear; What is nearer, the antelope or elephant?. Both children and adults from African countries found it difficult to percieve depth in the pictorial material.
* Second study: participants
Results
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Evaluation
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Deregowski, Muldrow & Muldrow, 1972
Social influence on visual perception, with reference to cultural skills
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Baddeley and Hitch, 1974
The working model of memory
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Grant et al., 1998
Pavlov, 1897/1902
Classical conditioning
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BF Skinner, 1948
Operant conditioning
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Bandura, 1977
Social learning theory
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Watson and Rayner, 1920
Learned fear responses (part of classical conditioning). John Watson – the ‘Little Albert’ experiment.
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Haney, Banks & Zimbardo, 1973
Stanford Prison experiment - how status and power operate in groups
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Cialdini et al., 2006
How obedience, conformity and social norms lead to behavior change
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Milgram, 1963
Historical social psychology research
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Asch, 1951
Historical social psychology research
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Darley and Latane, 1968
Model of bystander intervention
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Buss, Abbott, Angleither, Asherian, Biaggio et al., 1990
Biological theories of attraction
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