author beliefs

Question 1

hobbes

Answer 1

• Liberty = No external obstacles, but laws limit freedom in society.
• Social contract: People give up some freedoms for security under a strong ruler.
• Absolute sovereignty: The ruler must have total power to prevent chaos.
• Right to self-preservation: People can only resist if their lives are at risk.
• Freedom exists where laws are silent—laws define, not destroy, liberty.
• Strong government needed to maintain order and prevent conflict.

Question 2

mill

Answer 2

• Individual freedom is essential for personal and societal progress.
• Tyranny of the majority is a threat—public opinion can oppress individuals.
• Liberty means protection from both government overreach and social pressure.
• Freedom of thought and speech are crucial for truth and progress.
• People should be free unless their actions harm others (“harm principle”).
• Government should only interfere to prevent harm, not to control personal choices.
• Diversity and individuality make society stronger and more innovative.

Question 3

berlin

Answer 3

• Two types of liberty:
  
  • Negative liberty – Freedom from interference; being left alone.
• Dangers of positive liberty – It can lead to oppression if imposed by a collective or authority.
• Pluralism over absolute control – No single ideology should dominate society.
• Freedom requires limits – Some restrictions are necessary to protect others’ rights.
• Beware of authoritarianism – Forcing people to be “free” can justify dictatorship.
• Balance is key – A just society protects both individual autonomy and social order.

Question 4

taylor

Answer 4

• Critiques negative liberty – Simply being free from interference isn’t enough for true freedom.
• Positive liberty matters – People need the ability to develop and achieve their potential.
• Positive liberty – Freedom to control one’s own life and fulfill potential.
• Not all choices are truly free – Social and psychological barriers can limit real autonomy.
• Freedom requires self-mastery – True liberty means overcoming internal and external obstacles.
• Some restrictions can enhance freedom – Laws and social structures can help people become more autonomous.
• Context matters – Freedom isn’t just about lack of interference; it depends on real opportunities to act.

Question 5

pettit

Answer 5

• Critiques negative liberty – Freedom as mere non-interference is unstable and insufficient.
• Non-domination is key – True freedom means not being subject to arbitrary power, even if not actively interfered with.
• Interference vs. domination – A benevolent ruler may not interfere but still holds unchecked power, limiting real freedom.
• Republican freedom – A just society ensures people are free from domination, not just interference.
• Stable freedom requires institutions – Laws and democratic structures must prevent arbitrary control over individuals.
• Power must be accountable – True liberty exists when no one has unchecked power over others.