Australia Flashcards
1
Q
What organization is in charge of regulating labels, defining geographic boundaries, moderating exports/trade & promotion of Australian wine? When is it established?
A
a)Wine Australia
b) 1981
2
Q
What is Durif? Where in Australia is it grown (3).
A
A)Red grape from the Rhone Valley. A natural crossing of Peloursin & Shiraz.
B) Rutherglen (Victoria), Riverina (NSW), Riverland (South Australia)
3
Q
What is Australia’s wine law called? Enacted when?
A
Wine Australia Act (2013)
4
Q
When was Australia’s “Label Integrity Program” put into place?
A
1990
5
Q
What organization is in charge of regulating labels, defining geograpic boundaries, moderating exports/trade & promotion of Ausie wine? When is it established?
A
a) Wine Australia
b) 1981
6
Q
Aussie min. % grapes by varietal, vintage & region?
A
85%
7
Q
Name the three labeling requirements for blended Australian wine.
A
a) Any grape in a percentage of 85% or higher must me listed
b) Grapes must be listed in order of the greatest percentage
c) No listed grape can be lower in proportion than an unlisted grape
8
Q
Much like in CA, Geographic Indications are purely ___ in scope.
A
Geographic
9
Q
What are the categories of Australia’s GIs?
A
a) State
b) Zone
c) Region
d) Subregion
10
Q
States, Zones, Regions & Sub-Regions are all considered ___?
A
GIs
11
Q
Name the multi-state zone of Australia? What states are included (5)?
A
a) South East Australia GI
b) South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, Queensland
12
Q
In ___, Australia gov. signs agreement w/ EU to prohibit use of European geo. names on Aussie labels.
A
1993
13
Q
Chianti & Madeira were phased out of Aussie wine labels by ___.
A
1997
14
Q
From ___ vintage onward, Aussie producers banned from using EU regions (i.e. Burgundy, Champagne, Sherry, Port) & “traditional expressions” (Claret, Amontillado). For example, Shiraz could no longer be called ___. Surprisingly, some expressions like Tawny, Solera & Icewine) are still allowed.
A
a) 2008
b) Hermitage
15
Q
The hotly contested “___”, used by Rutherglen producers for more than a century, will be phased out by ___.
A
a) Tokay
b) 2020
16
Q
In 2020, Australian Tokay will b/c ___ & Sherry will b/c ___
A
a) Topaque
b) Apera`
17
Q
In what year did Aussie GIs first roll out? What spurred this?
A
a) 1994
b) Needed framework for an appellation system as the use of protected designations from other parts of the world (i.e. Burgundy, Chianti) was soon to be prohibited
18
Q
Define “Region” & “Sub-Region” in Australia (3).
A
a) Single tracts of land
b) No less than 5 independent vineyards of no less than 5ha/per
c) No less than 500 tonnes worth of fruit per vintage
19
Q
Regions are not necessarily within a single ___ & zones are not necessarily within a single ___. Give an example.
A
a) Zone
b) State
c)
20
Q
Chaptalization in Australia is ___.
A
Illegal
21
Q
What is the AWRI? What is it credited for?
A
a) Australian Wine Research Institute
b) Developing modern techniques for canopy management & high-tech soil mapping`
22
Q
What is Dekkera Bruxellensis?
A
Brettanomyces
23
Q
Why is mechanization widely used in Australia? (2)
A
a) Lacks a large population
b) Lacks a source of cheap labor
24
Q
Australia is the worlds ___-largest producer of wine.
A
6th
25
What 3 states make up 95% of Australia's wine?
South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales
26
Aussies are famous for these 2 modern viticultural techniques
a) Vineyard mechanization
b) Efficeint, sophisticated irrigation techniques
27
What are the AWRI & CSIRO? Where are they located?
a) Australian Wine Research Institute
b) Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization
c) Adelaide
28
The ___ developed the concept of ___ ___. A technique that relies on a plants ___ to manage ___.
a) CSIRO
b) Minimal pruning
c) Self discipline
d) Growth
29
Name the 2 types of irrigation that the Aussies developed.
a) PRD (Partial rootzone drying)
b) RDI (Regulated deficit irrigation)
30
What is RDI?
Regulated deficit irrigation; creates water stress during certain key periods of the vine's development by lowering the total amount of applied irrigation water
31
What is PRD?
Partial rootzone drying; reduces total irrigation water necessary by alternating drip irrigation between vine rows
32
Is RDI or PRD a more efficient irrigation technique? Why (2)?
a) PRD
b) Doesn't negatively affect yields to the degree RDI does. Uses much less water.
33
Name some ways in which Aussie winemakers achieve correct varietal focus/clean/correct wines. (2)
a) Temperature controlled fermentations on the cooler side
b) Wine cleanliness is achieved through judicious sulfur dioxide additions and sterile filtration
34
Name a technique employed to reduce alcohol?
Reverse osmosis
35
Is acidification legal in Austrlia?
Yes
36
Bag-in-Box arrives in the ___s.
1960s
37
When does the vine 1st arrive in Australia? Where?
1) 1788
2) NSW
38
When do vines arrive in South Australia?
1847; John Gramp with Rowland Flat
39
Is tannin addition legal in Australia?
Yes
40
Top 5 grapes of Australia, in order of production?
Shiraz
Cabernet Sauvignon
Chardonnay
Merlot
Semillon
41
Aussies use ___ to measure grape ripeness instead of Brix.
Baumes
42
What is Mourvedre called in Australia?
Mataro
43
What is Petit Sirah called in Australia?
Durif
44
Australia's 1st commercial vineyard? Planted when?
A) Penrith
B) 1820
45
Australia's oldest/continuously operating winery?
Wyndham Estate (1828), Hunter Valley
45
The ___ Irrigation Area makes viticulture possible in Riverina GI.
Murrumbidgee
46
In ___, James ___ plants Eur. cuttings @ his Kirkton Estate in this GI?
a) 1820
b) James Kirkton
c) Hunter Valley
46
What mountain range runs along the entire coast of NSW (from Queensland to Victoria)?
Great Dividing Range
47
Highest mountains of the Great Dividing Range?
Snowy Mountains
47
Where is Mount Canobolas?
Orange GI
48
Where is the "Northern Slopes Zone"? Name its region(s).
a) NSW
b) New England Australia GI
49
Name the NSW regions EAST of the Great Dividing Range (5).
Hastings River GI (Northern Rivers Zone)
Shoalhaven Coast GI (South Coast Zone)
Southern Highlands GI (South Coast Zone)
Broke Fordwich GI (Lower Hunter Valley)
Pokolbin GI (Lower Hunter Valley)
50
G/S of New England Australia?
Cool-climate shiraz given elevation of the Great Diving Range
51
Region(s) of the Northern Rivers Zone?
Hastings River GI
52
Region(s) of the South Coast Zone?
Shoalhaven Coast GI
Southern Highlands GI
53
Region(s) of the Hunter Valley Zone?
Hunter GI
54
Name the subzones of Hunter GI?
Broke Fordwich GI
Upper Hunter GI
Pokolbin GI
55
Hunter Valley Zone climate?
Winkler IV Region (sub-tropical); one of Australia's warmest and wettest
56
With Hunter GI's climate, how can the wines of Hunter be low in alcohol & elegant?
Early harvest to beat autumnal rains
57
Moderating geographic and climatic factors of the Hunter GI?
1) Constant cloud cover
2) Strong coastal breezes from the Pacific
58
Desribe the climate of the Hastings River GI?
Winkler V Region; tropical. Rainiest wine region in all of Australia
59
What is "Hunter Riesling"?
Old terminology for Hunter Valley Semillon
60
The heart of the Hunter GI?
Lower Hunter Valley (Broke Fordwich GI & Pokolbin GI)
61
Who is the godfather of Ausie viticulture? What region was home to him?
a) James Busby
b) Hunter Valley
62
Australia's 1st varietal Chardonnay? When? From ___ GI?
a) Tyrell's "Vat 47" Pinot Chardonnay
b) 1971
c) Hunter GI
63
Brokenwood's top W & R bottlings
a) ILR Reserve Semillon
b) Graveyard SV Shiraz
64
Name the state & GIs of the Central Ranges Zone?
Orange GI
Mudgee GI
Cowra GI
65
Langton's Classification was last conducted when? How many wineries in each of the two classifications?
a) 2023
b) Langton Classified 1st (21 wines)
c) Langton Classified (79 wines)
66
Name three Langton Classified First wines not under screw cap?
1) Torbreck RunRig Shiraz (Barossa GI)
2) Penfolds "Bin 95" Grange (South Australia)
3) Bass Phillip "Reserve" Pinot noir (Gippsland GI)
67
Central Ranges Zone youngest, coolest, most-exciting region?
Orange GI
68
Describe the climate of Orange. Influenced by?
a) Cool, continental
b) Elevation within the Great Diving Range
69
Which GI region is the highest elevation in Australia overall?
Orange GI
70
Mount ___ is an extinct volcano found in Orange GI.
Mount Canobolas
71
Two producers in the Orange GI?
a) Bloodwood
b) Canobolos-Smith
72
G/S of Mudgee GI?
NSW, Central Ranges, Reds (Cab Sauv,Merlot)
73
Craigmoor is the 1st winery of ___ GI. It is famous for making a varietal ___ at the same that Tyrrell's ___ was released. (Craigmoor's, however, was not bottled until later)
a) Mudgee GI
b) Chardonnay
c) Vat 47
74
Where is Cowra GI?
Central Ranges Zone, southwest and at lower elevation than Orange GI
75
Name the GIs of Southern NSW Zone.
Canberra GI
Tumbarumba GI
Gundagi GI
Hilltops GI
76
Describe the climate of Southern NSW & GF.
Cool continental, high elevation
77
Canberra District GI is compared to what European wine region?
Cote-Rotie
78
G/S of Canberra District GI.
Elegant Cote-Rotie like blends of Syrah/Viognier. Some Riesling.
79
Where is Clonikilla? Top wine?
a) Canberra District GI
b) Shiraz/Viognier blend
80
Canberra District GI's 1st commercial winery.
Clonakilla
81
What GI is the Australian Capitol Territory located w/i?
Canberra District GI
82
Major River of Southern NSW Zone?
Murrumbidgee River
83
Where in Australia is Chambourcin grown? What about Tempranillo?
a) Shoalhaven Coast GI
b) Southern Highlands GI
84
Top producing zone in Australia.
Big River Zone
85
Where is Big Rivers Zone? Where is Lower Murray?
a) NSW
b) South Australia
86
What are the GIs of Lower Murray Zone?
Big Rivers GI
87
What are the GIs of Big Rivers Zone? (4)
Murray-Darling GI
Riverina GI
Swan Hill GI
Perricoota GI
88
What major River runs through Riverina GI and provides irrigation?
Murrumbidgee River
89
What river forms the border between NSW & Victoria?
Murray River
90
Where is the Lachlan River?
A tributary of the Murrumbidgee River that runs through the Riverina GI.
91
Name a producer in Riverina GI. Top wine?
a) De Bartoli
b) Noble "1" Botrytis Semillon
92
Who owns the brand "Yellow Tail"?
Casella
93
Name the GIs of Queensland. Where are they located?
a) Granite Belt GI, South Burnett GI
b) SE of the state
94
What GI borders NSW to the North?
Granite Belt GI
95
The unofficial subregion of Queensland, "___", is showing promise and will likely to become the state's next GI.
Darling Downs
96
Capitall of Queensland?
Brisbane
97
Where is Rutherglen GI? (State & Zone)
Victoria, NE Victoria GI
98
1st commercial plantings of Victoria were in the ___s @ ___ by the ___ brothers.
a) 1800s
b) Yering Station
c) Ryrie Brothers (Scottish)
99
During phylloxera, "___" was employed in Australia's then-largest wine region of ___ (w/i the state of ___) to fight the root louse.
a) Death by Extinction
b) Geelong GI
c) Victoria
100
What is "Death by Extinction"? Where was it employed?
Total uprooting of all vines in Geelong GI due to phylloxera
101
Victoria experiences competition from ___ with the removal of interstate trade barriers in the ___s.
a) South Australia
b) 1900s
102
Black Saturday had a devastating effect on what state?
Victoria, February 2009
103
What is the capital of Victoria?
Melbourne
104
Moderating features of coastal vs. inland GIs of Victoria
a) Port Philip Bay
b) Elevation
105
Name the GIs of the North East Victoria Zone (5)
Alpine Valleys GI
Rutherglen GI
Beechworth GI
Knights Valley GI
Glenrowan GI
106
NE Victoria Zone is located ___ of the Great Dividing Range.
West
107
Alpine Valley GI & King Valley GI GF & resulting style.
a) High elevation, elegant, aromatic wines
b) Chardonnay & Pinot noir for sparkling wine
108
What river marks the N boundary of Rutherglen GI?
Murray River
109
Where are you likely to find Black Dog soils?
Rutherglen GI
110
Soil of Rutherglen?
Rutherglen Loam (Black Dog)
111
Ausie word for dessert wines.
Stickies
112
G/S of Rutherglen & Glenrowan.
Dry reds, fortified sweet wines (stickies)
113
Style(s) of Muscat of Rutherglen?
a) Muscat: Brown Muscat (Fortified Muscat a Petit Grains)
b) Topaque: Fortified Muscadelle
114
What might be the world's only fortified Muscadelle?
Topaque (Rutherglen GI, Victoria)
115
Topaque was formerly called ___.
Tokay
116
Muscat of Rutherglen vs. Topaque.
a) From red grapes, intense sweeter, less acid
b) From white grapes, less sweet, higher in acidity
117
T or F: Botrytis is undesirable for Muscat of Rutherglen & Topaque.
True; passillerage responsible for the wines
118
Muscat Rouge a PG is called ___ in Australia
Brown Muscat
119
Steps of production for Muscat of Rutherglen (4).
a) Passillerage
b) Short fermentation
c) Fortification with 96deg neutral grape spirit in 1:4 ratio
d) Long-aging in barrels
120
T or F: Muscat of Rutherglen must be vintage-dated
False. Most wines are multi-vintage or solera
121
___% of Muscat of Rutherglen evaporates in cask annually; this is known as what?
a) 5%
b) Angel's Share
122
There are ___ total producers of Muscat of Rutherglen. Name 2.
a) 8
b) Campbell's, All Saints, Morris
123
Muscat of Rutherglen Network ___-tier classification in order of amt of aging. What is unique about this classification?
a) 4 tier
b) Muscat (3-5yrs), Classic (6-10yrs), Grand (11-19yrs), Reserve (20+yrs)
c) Based on flavor profile (like Tawny Ports)
124
This organization polices the production of Rutherglen Muscat.
Muscat of Rutherglen Network
125
Min. RS for Muscat of Rutherglen (4).
a) Muscat: 180-240g/L
b) Classic: 200-280g/L
c) Grand: 270-400g/L
d) Reserve: 270-400g/L
126
T or F: Topaque has a separate set of categories for aging/RS than Muscat of Rutherglen.
False. Identical to Muscat categories.
127
Styles of Glenrowan GI?
Stickies
128
Alpine Valley GI has a ___ climate thanks to the ___ Alps.
a) Cool, continental
b) Victorian Alps
129
The Victorian Alps are a significant feature of what GIs? (3)
Alpine Valleys GI
Knights Valley GI
Beechworth GI
130
Beechworth GI G/S?
Cool-climate Shiraz
131
Where are you likely to find a wine labeled "Syrah" vs. "Shiraz"? (2)
Yarra Valley GI
Beechworth GI
132
Name the GIs of Port Phillip Zone (5).
Yarra Valley GI
Macedon Ranges GI
Geelong GI
Mornington Peninsula GI
Sunbury GI
133
Port Phillip Zone Climate?
Maritime
134
2 cooling influences of Port Phillip Zone include Port Phillip Bay to ___ & ___ Ranges to ___.
a) South
b) Macedon
c) North
135
Mtn Ranges of Port Phillip Zone GI?
Macedon Ranges
136
Top 3 grapes of Port Phillip Zone.
Chardonnay, Pinot noir, cool-climate Shiraz
137
The Yarra River flows into what before reaching the Southern Ocean?
Port Philip Bay
138
What is the wind that affects Victoria?
The southwesterlies. Chilling winds from polar latitudes
139
Most prestigious vineyards of Yarra Valley are located on the ___ - undulating topography that mimics Cote d'Or.
Yarra Ridge
140
Yarra Valley climate?
Cool maritime
141
Yarra Valley IG can be geographically categorized into the ___ Yarra & the ___ Yarra. Which is cooler/which is warmer? What are the resulting styles?
a) Upper Yarra, Lower Yarra
b) Upper Yarra
c) Plumper in the south, more elegant in the north
142
What is the MV6 vine selection?
Most popular clone of PN in Australia. Budwood from Clos de Vougeot brought over by James Busby
143
Describe the style of Yarra Valley "Syrah"
Cool-climate, savory & spicy
144
#1-planted grape of Yarra Valley GI? Style?
a) Chardonnay
b) No oak, no malo
145
Top examples of Chardonnay in Australia come from what GIs? (2)
a) Yarra Valley GI
b) Margaret River GI
146
In the Yarra Valley, ___ is the most planted while ___ is the most famous.
a) Chardonnay
b) Pinot noir
147
Where is Domaine Chandon's outpost in Australia?
Yarra Valley GI
148
Name 2 top producers of Yarra Valley GI.
Yarra Yering
Mount Mary
149
___ GI is the S-most GI in Victoria, located 1 hour S of Melbourne
Mornington Peninsula
150
G/S of Mornington Peninsular GI (4).
Chardonnay
Pinot noir
Cool-climate Shiraz
Pinot Gris
151
Where is Geelong GI?
Port Philip Zone
152
Grape of Geelong GI?
Pinot noir
153
In which state is the Gippsland Zone?
Victoria
154
Geelong GI is ___ & ___ than both Mornington Peninsula GI & Yarra Valley GI
a) Warmer
b) Dryer
155
Name the 3 unofficial subzones of Geelong GI
Moorabool Valley
Bellarine
Surf Coast / Otways
156
Two famous producers of Geelong GI?
By Farr
Bannockburn
157
What is the coolest region on Aussie mainland?
Macedon Ranges GI
158
What famous boutique producer is located w/i Macedon Ranges GI?
Bindi
159
N-most zone of Victoria?
Northwest Victoria Zone
160
Name the GIs of Central Victoria Zone (5).
Upper Goulburn GI
Goulburn Valley GI
Strathboogie Ranges GI
Heathcote GI
Bendigo GI
161
The 1851 Goldrush was in what state?
Victoria
162
Mostly ___ grapes are grown in the GIs of Bendigo, Heathcote & Goulburn Valley
Red grapes, shiraz
163
Goulburn River is a tributary of what major river?
Murray River
164
Where are the Mount Camel Ranges?
Heathcote GI
165
Where would you find Cambrian Volcanic Greenstone? Qualities?
Heathcote GI; water-retaining, irrigation unnecessary
166
Sub-GI of Goulburn Valley GI?
Nagambie Lakes Gi
167
Nagambie Lakes GI GF.
Cooling breezes, lake effect from Lake Nagambie
168
Where is the world's oldest Marsanne?
Nagambie Lakes GI (Golburn Valley GI); Tahlbik Winery
169
Most famous producer of Nagambie Lakes GI? Wines?
a) Tahlbik
b) Old vine Marsanne & Shiraz
170
When was the Muscat of Rutherglen Network founded?
1995
171
What does a stylized "R" logo indicate on a bottle of Aussie wine?
Muscat of Rutherglen Network
172
Name the GIs of Western Victoria (3).
Henty GI
Grampians GI
Pyrenees GI
173
Henty GI climate? Grape(s)? Top producer?
a) Maritime
b) Riesling
c) Crawford Hill
174
Sub-GI of Grampians GI? Style? Top producer?
a) Great Western GI
b) Sparkling Shiraz
c) Seppelts
175
Top producer of Gippsland GI?
Bass Philip (Pinot noir)
176
Name the GIs of Tasmania.
Tasmania GI
177
What is the capital of Tasmania?
Hobart
178
T or F: 1st commercial plantings in Tasmania outdate Victoria & SA.
True, 1823
179
Tasmania sits on the opposite side of the ___ from Victoria
Bass Strait
180
Tasmania latitude?
40-44deg S
181
Australia's most mountainous state?
Tasmania
182
What major bodies of water surround Tasmania?
Indian Ocean to the W, Bass Strait to the N, Tasman Sea to the S
183
183
In Tasmania, vines are planted on ___-facing slopes.
North-facing slopes
183
184
Long ___________ = long _______________ in Tasmania.
a) Growing season
b) Sunshine hours
185
Most-planted grape of Tasmania
Pinot noir
186
Where is the center of production in Tasmania?
Tamar Valley (North Island)
187
In Tasmania, even though there are slightly more ___ than ___ grapes planted, ___ is still the #1 planted grape.
a) White
b) Red
c) Pinot noir
188
Top W grapes of Tasmania?
Chardonnay
Pinot Gris
Sauvignon Blanc
Riesling
189
Where does Australia's best TM sparklers come from?
Tasmania
190
In Tasmania, 1 in ever 2 bottlings is ___.
Sparkling wine
191
Top Sparkling wine producer in Tasmania? Founded by which Champagne house? Now owned by?
a) Jansz
b) Roederer
c) Yalumba
192
Coal River is ___ than Tamar Valley. (Cooler or warmer)
Cooler
193
The two unofficial subzones of Coal River.
NW Coast
Piper's Valley
194
Three top producers of Tasman still wine.
Tolpuddle
Derwent Estate
Stargazer
195
The top 2 zones of western Australia.
Greater Perth Zone
Southwest Australia Zone
196
Where are the following zones: Central Western Australia Zone, Eastern Plains, Inland & North of WA Zone, Western Australia South East Coast Zone?
SW Australia
197
Capital of SW Australia?
Perth
198
Where is viticulture concentrated in SW Australia? Why?
Maritime influence. North is tropical, east is desert
199
___ plants SW Australia's 1st vines in ___ in ___.
a) Thomas Waters
b) 1829
c) Swan Valley
200
Name the GIs of the SW Australia Zone (6).
Geographe GI (Northernmost)
Margaret River GI
Blackwood Valley GI
Manjimup GI
Pemberton GI
Great Southern GI
201
What bodies of water surround SW Australia?
Indian Ocean to the W, Southern Ocean to the S
202
Margaret River GI climate?
Warm maritime
203
Margaret River GI stretches from ___ in the N to ___ in the S.
a) Cape Naturalist
b) Cape Leeuwin
204
GF of Margaret River GI?
The three coasts.
a) Geographe Bay (N)
b) Indian Ocean (W)
c) Southern Ocean (S)
205
What is the Gladstone Line?
Margaret River GIs eastern border aka the Whicher Ranges
206
Rivers of Margaret River GI?
a) Margaret River
b) Blackwood River
207
Margaret River GI soil type?
Gravel, sandy loam over granite/gneiss
208
Top W & R grape of Margaret River GI?
Chardonnay
Cabernet Sauvignon
209
Soil of Wilyabrup? Good for?
a) Red gravelly soils
b) Cabernet Sauvignon
210
The six unofficial subzones of the Margaret River GI.
* Wilyabrup
* Yallingup
Carbunup
Carridale
Treeton
Walcliffe
211
What region is home to the "Golden Triangle"? Name the wineries.
a) Margaret River Gi
b) Leeuwin Estate, Voyager Estate, Cape Mentelle
212
Name three of the five founding wineries of the Margaret River GI.
Leeuwin Estate
Cullen
Vasse Felix
Mosswood
Cape Mentelle
213
Name the GI that encompasses the following areas: Capel-Busselton, Donnybrook, Ferguson Valley, Harvey?
Geographe GI
214
G/S of Geographe GI?
W: Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon
R: Cab Sauv, Shiraz
215
The five official subzones of the Great Southern GI.
Denmark
Albany
Frankland River
Mount Barker GI
Porongorup GI
216
Australia's hottest GI. Zone?
Swan Valley GI, Greater Perth Zone
217
T or F: Swan Valley GI is home to 2 of Western Australia's 2 oldest wineries. Name one.
a) True
b) Sandalford Winery (1840)
218
A Barossa Old Vine Wine? How many years old min?
a) Pewsey Valley "Contours" Riesling (Eden Valley)
b) 35yrs
219
A Barossa "Survivor Vine" wine? How many years old min?
a) Hewittson "3 Corner" Grenache (Barossa Valley)
b) 70yrs
220
Two Barossa "Centennarian Vine" wines? How many years old min?
a) Henschke Mount Edelton, Yalumba "Steeple" Shiraz
b) 100yrs
221
Two Barossa "Ancestor Vine" wines? How many years old min?
a) Henschke "Hill of Grace", Turkey Flat "The Ancestor", Elderton "The Command", Penfold's "Block 42" Cab Sauv
b) 125yrs
222
When was the original Langton's Classification? Which edition is the current?
a) 1990
b) 8th
223
