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Inequality > Austerity impacts > Flashcards

Austerity impacts Flashcards

1
Q

Who has brought attention to how austerity is felt?

A

Horton 2016 and the “everyday spaces” of austerity

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2
Q

How can austerity be intimate in two different ways?

A
  1. Psychosocial and corporeal

2. Household and local effects

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3
Q

What are the 3 main frameworks for understanding the intimate impacts of austerity?

A
  1. Ontological - inequalities + how they manifest
  2. Epistemological - personal connections etc
  3. Political - power + micropolitics, shapes other factors
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4
Q

What local authority was hit most by austerity?

A

Westminster

Beatty and Fothergill 2014
METRIC?

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5
Q

How intense is the North-South divide in the UK?

A

As bad as the inequality between East and West Germany

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6
Q

How has austerity been violent?

A

By increasing pressures on households in a patriarchal society, the state has sponsored gendered effects

(Sisters Uncut 2019)

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7
Q

What proportion of the population live in former industrial towns?

A

25% of population

(Beatty and Fothergill 2018

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8
Q

Why were the low unemployment statistics for former coalfields misleading in the 1990s?

A

Did not account for incapacity benefits and out migration

BEATTY AND FOTHERGILL DATE?

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9
Q

Did austerity occur in isolation?

A

No, built on existing inequalities created by neoliberalism and deindustrialisation

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10
Q

What is the problem with the levelling up agenda?

A
  • The money will not go towards reversing the impacts of deindustrialisation
  • Places which need the money won’t receive it

Beatty 2022

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11
Q

Who has highlighted that life expectancy has plateaued?

A

Marmot 2020; Dorling 2017 since 2010

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12
Q

How do “unemployment deniers” (Varoufakis 2013) link to the contemporaneous return of “poor laws”?

A
  • Individuals should be flexible when it comes to wages
  • If not accepting lower wages, it is their fault
  • People need to be disciplined in workhouses or through uni credit to become workers
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13
Q

How does Foucault’s (1975) “let die, make live” operate with austerity?

A
  • More deaths because of austerity (Dorling 2017)
  • Fewer people seen to be worthy of being kept alive (state welfare is expensive!)
  • A return of second-class poor citizens compared to wealthy who are able to live longer

(Fassin 2009)

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14
Q

Why are work programs during austerity significant?

A

Recreates workhouses - activities are tracked

Jeff’s story; Strong 2020

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15
Q

How does Katz’ (1999) time-space expansion relate to Harvey’s time-space compression?

A
  • Compression of capital flows linked to expansion of experiences of modernity
  • Minority experience compression, whilst the forgotten majority experience expansion
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16
Q

What case study exemplifies Foucault’s (1975) “Let die”?

A

Grenfell Tower

See Cooper + Whyte, 2018

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17
Q

How is imagining austerity linked to imagery?

A

Imagining is linked to imaging austerity and how representations affect discourse

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18
Q

Are narratives always powerful?

A

Sontag (2004) argues that they are limited compared to photographs which “haunt us”

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19
Q

What is poverty pornography?

A

A voyeuristic and fetish view of the poor

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20
Q

How did Benefits Street depoliticise poverty?

A

Made it look as though claimants were on benefits because of their own wrongdoing, not because of structural causes

Strong 2014

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21
Q

What is a good example of “haunting” images (Sontag 2004)?

A

Food and hunger (Vernon 2007)

Links to food banks

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22
Q

Why does conspicuous consumption exacerbate debt?

A

People feel an emotional obligation to maintain consumerist practices for children (Strong 2020), even though it will land them in more debt

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23
Q

What actually is austerity?

A
  • Fiscal policy with more tax
    OR
  • A socioeconomic condition of living without all needs being met or “without comfort”

Cambridge Dictionary definitions

24
Q

Why does a reliance on asset-based community development (ABCD) enhance inequality during austerity?

Is this for certain?

A
  • ABCD is implemented more and better where there is more social capital to begin with
  • Thus favours wealthy areas

(MacLeod & Emejuju 2014) - only speculated by volunteers. Hard to tell for certain

25
Q

How much income did residents in Middlesbrough and Hartlepool lose because of austerity leading up to 2016?

A

£720 and £710 lost per annum, respectively

5th and 6th place nationally

26
Q

What has the local government in Tees Valley done to try and reverse industrial decline?

A

Introduce more enterprise, leading to a brain drain

27
Q

How does citizenship interact with asset-based approaches during austerity?

A
  • Social capital is utilised to help struggling communities during times of adversity
  • Less secure and more uneven than state support

Coote 2011

28
Q

Do asset-based solutions to austerity only overlook underlying structural issues?

A

No, they also overlook how poverty and inequality are socially embedded in civil society - through food banks (for eg)

Coote 2011

29
Q

What is the one less well-articulated idea presented by Beatty and Fothergill 2017 on economic failure as the main reason why people are dependent on the state?

A

The trade deficit argument is less clear…

Beatty and Fothergill 2017

30
Q

How long do food parcels from food banks last?

A

3 days (Twizwell 2021; Trussell Trust 2021)

31
Q

What proportion of food banks are run by the Trussell Trust?

A

90% (Trussell Trust 2021)

32
Q

How has unemployment changed in former industrial towns since the 1980s?

A
  • Employment has increased (still quite low)
  • Rate of increase 7x slower compared to London

Beatty and Fothergill 2018

33
Q

What percentage of children are in poverty in Tees Valley?

A

25% (Redcar and Cleveland Council DATE?)

34
Q

How much has Tees Valley welfare been cut?

A

33.4%, compared to 29% national average, only 15% in Surrey

Middlesbrough Council 2018

35
Q

How much evidence is there of food banks unevenly provisioning parcels?

A
  • No clear evidence
  • Some evidence that supply of food does not meet demand in the areas where cuts and unemployment are high
  • More pressure in these areas

Loopstra et al 2015

36
Q

What is the problem with implementing a universal basic income?

A
  • Alberti et al 2018 advocates
  • Does not account for underlying structural causes of poverty
  • Coote 2011 suggests a shorter working week to boost employment
37
Q

What is a good quote to summarise the economic failure of austerity?

A

Austerity is “a medicine that sought to cure the disease by killing the patient”

Cavero and Poinasamy 2013

38
Q

What is an important aspect to consider when it comes to the impacts of austerity?

A

They are gendered (Murphy 2019)

39
Q

Are public spaces always publicly accessible?

A

No, there could be temporal or diurnal changes in access

Nissen 2008

40
Q

Why is the privatisation of publicly-owned space unsurprising during neoliberal austerity?

A

Lefebvre highlighted that publicly owned spaces offer a surplus capital to be drawn upon

(Zieleniec 2018)

41
Q

Why is the deterioration of public space significant?

A

Provides an incentive to privatise it to make a profit (Zieleniec 2018)

42
Q

Why is private space sometimes commercialised?

A

To extract more profit from it

Zieleniec 2018

43
Q

What are “POPS”?

A

Privately-Owned Public Spaces

See Nissen 2008

44
Q

What are two fundamental aspects of truly public spaces?

A
  • Inclusive

- Freely accessible

45
Q

What is “urbicide”?

A
  • The deterioration of urban areas because of the privatisation of spaces
  • Deterioration of civic life
  • Intentional

Coward 2008

46
Q

What is the entomology behind “urbicide”?

A

Used to describe the intentional destruction of urban areas during the Bosnian war

Coward 2008

47
Q

Are all public space in urban areas utilitarian?

A

No, can include creative spaces, including Museums

See Carmona et al 2019

48
Q

What is ironically occuring in public spaces during austerity?

A

Private management of public spaces - ideologically driven, even though it is costly

49
Q

Why are cuts to transport services during austerity a problem?

A
  • Exacerbates inequalities
  • Unable to get to services and amenities
  • 15% cut nationally (Department for transport 2014)
50
Q

Why is the 15% cut in transport expenditure misleading?

A
  • It is the national cut
  • Local cuts are more intense (seen as a an expirable public asset - Veeneman et al 2015)
  • Hence poorer local authorities hit harder
  • Not ring-fenced locally
51
Q

Why are fare increases because of cuts to public transport a problem?

A
  • Impacts those already feeling the squeeze with austerity (Veeneman et al 2015)
  • Disproportionate affect on women who need to make more journeys by public transport

On top of greater cuts to poorer areas!

52
Q

What could a long-term impact of transport cuts be?

A
  • Rural areas exhibiting more intense inequalities (more hypermobile rich with cars vs rural poor)
  • The wealthy are able to commute to work but not the poorest… often assumed to be even…
53
Q

Are all the inequalities associated with austerity plain and obvious?

A

No, the are hidden inequalities in the home (Gender, age etc)

54
Q

Are health impacts caused always by people?

A

No, there are often “causes of the causes of the causes”

(Bambra 2019) - NEED TO EXPLAIN

55
Q

Why is inequality especially important during Covid-19?

A
  • Social determinants of health (Paremoer 2021)

But leads towards reduced health security for everyone during covid-19, prolongs the effects

Inequality (8 decks)

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