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Unit 12 > Auscultate- Heart Sounds > Flashcards

Auscultate- Heart Sounds Flashcards

1
Q

When is the S1 heard?

A

Systolic

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2
Q

When is the S2 heard?

A

Diastolic

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3
Q

What are the sounds of S1 and S2?

A

S1=Lub
S2-Dub

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4
Q

What does the S1 mean?

A

Closure of AV valves
Mitral and Tricuspid

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5
Q

What does the S2 mean?

A

Closure of Semilunar Valves
Aortic and Pulmonic

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6
Q

What does the S3 sound like?

A

Ken-tuck-y (heard just after S2)

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7
Q

What does the S4 sound like?

A

Ten-nes-see (heard just after S1)

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8
Q

What are Murmurs?

A

Whooshing or blowing sound

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9
Q

How does Murmurs occur?

A

Produced when backflow of blood through the valve occurs

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10
Q

Apnea

A

No breathing

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11
Q

What are the causes of Apnea?

A

Can be due to sleep apnea.
Cardiac arrest
Choking
Drug Overdose

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12
Q

What are the potential consequences of Apnea?

A

Death

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13
Q

Cheynes Stokes

A

Pattern of gradual decrease in breathing- followed by apnea

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14
Q

What are the causes of Cheyne Stokes?

A

End of life
Heart failure
Stroke

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15
Q

What are the potential consequences of Cheyne Stokes?

A
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16
Q

Kussmauls

A

Rapid deep breaths

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17
Q

What are the causes of Kussmauls?

A

Acidosis

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18
Q

What are the potential consequences of Kussmauls?

A

Exhale excess CO2

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19
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased rate and depth

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20
Q

What are the causes of Hyperventilation?

A

Anxiety
Infections
Lung Disease
DKA
Brain injury

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21
Q

What are the potential consequences of Hyperventilation?

A

Increased CO2 exhaled leading to:
Weakness
Dizziness
Headache

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22
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Decreased rate and depth

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23
Q

What are the causes of Hypoventilation?

A

Neuromuscular Disorder
Medications
Trauma

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24
Q

What are the potential consequences of Hypoventilation?

A

Retaining CO2
Too much CO2 in blood leading:
Confusing
Weakness
DOE

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25
What can alter the heart rate and rhythm?
Electrical Disturbances such as Dysrhythmias
26
Bradycardia
Less than 60 bpm
27
What are they symptoms for Bradycardiac?
Lightheadedness Fatigue Chest pain Confusion Syncope SOB
28
What are the causes of Bradycardia?
Age-related damage Medications In well-trained athletes they might have an expected lower than normal HR
29
What are the treatment for Bradycardia?
Depends on cause and symptoms. Maybe a change in medication might be required, pacemaker- transcutaneous or implanted
30
Tachycardia
Greater than 100 bpm
31
What are they symptoms of Tachycardia?
Lightheadedness Fatigue Chest pain Confusion Syncope SOB
32
What are the causes for Tachycardia?
Drugs Exercise Emotional response Illness Compensatory mechanism
33
What are the treatment for Tachycardia?
Depends on cause and symptoms. Lifestyle changes Medications
34
Atrial fibrillation
35
What are they symptoms of Atrial fibrillation?
Chest discomfort Palpitations Blood clots can form
36
What are the causes of Atrial Fibrillation?
Age Cardiac Disease
37
What are the treatment for Atrial Fibrillation?
Rate and rhythm control medications Blood Thinner
38
Ventricular Dysrhythmias
Heart chambers are unable to fill with blood.
39
What are the symptoms of Ventricular Dysrhythmias?
Chest pain Dizziness SOB
40
What are the causes of Ventricular Dysrhythmias?
Coronary Artery Disease HTN Cardiomyopathy Electrolyte Imbalances Recent Myocardial Infarction Heart failure
41
What are the treatment for Ventricular Dysrhythmias?
Depends on if they have a pulse Defibrillator
42
Left Sided Heart Failure
43
What are they symptoms for Left Sided Heart Failure?
Hypoxia Crackles SOB Orthopnea
44
What are the causes for Left Sided Heart Failure?
Cardiomyopathy Coronary Artery Disease MI Diabetes Drug Use
45
What are the treatment for Left Sided Heart Failure?
Diuretics Supplemental O2 ACE inhibitors and Beta Blockers are first life HF treatment meds
46
Right Sided Heart Failure
47
What are the symptoms for Right Sided Heart Failure?
Edema Ascites Decrease Organ Perfusion
48
What are the causes of Right Sided Heart Failure?
Left Sided Heart Failure Lung Disease
49
What are the treatment for Right Sided Heart Failure?
Diuretics ACE inhibitors and Beta Blockers are the first line of HF treatment meds
50
What are the Valvular Heart Disease?
Regurgitation Stenosis
51
Regurgitation
Leaky Valves Backflow of blood
52
What are the symptoms of Regurgitation?
Murmur SOB Palpitations
53
What are the treatment for Regurgitation?
Surgical Valve Replacement or Repair
54
Stenosis
Narrow Heart Valves Prevents blood from moving forward leading to Ventricular Hypertrophy
55
What are the symptoms of Stenosis?
Murmur Chest Pain DOE
56
What causes Stenosis?
HTN Hyperlipidemia CKD Rheumatic Fever
57
What is the treatment for Stenosis?
Surgical Valve Replacement or Repair
58
Deceased Peripheral Perfusion
59
Decreased Peripheral Perfusion Symptoms
Cold Mottled Clammy Pallor/ Cyanosis Increased Cap Refill
60
Decreased Peripheral Perfusion Causes
Hypotension Hypovolemia HF MI Shock PVD
61
Decreased Cerebral Perfusion
62
Decreased Cerebral Perfusion symptoms
ALOC
63
Decreased Cerebral Perfusion Causes
Hypotension Hypovolemia HF MI Shock Stenosis Embolism Increased ICP
64
Decreased Cerebral Perfusion Treatment
Reperfusion
65
Decreased Renal Perfusion
66
Decreased Renal Perfusion symptoms
Decreased Urine Output
67
Decreased Renal Perfusion causes
Hypotension Hypovolemia HF MI Shock
68
Decreased Renal Perfusion treatment
Fluids to re-perfuse kidneys
69
Angina Pectoris (decreased CV)
70
Angina Pectoris symptoms
Chest Pain Neck and Jaw pain Fatigue Nausea Tachycardia Sweating Arm or shoulder pain
71
Angina Pectoris Causes
Hypotension Hypovolemia HF MI Shock CAD Stenosis Embolism
72
Angina Pectoris Treatment
Nitro Aspirin Antiplatelet Meds Reperfusion
73
Myocardial Infarction (decreased CV)
74
Myocardial Infarction symptoms
Chest pain Neck and jaw pain Fatigue Nausea Tachycardia Sweating Arm or shoulder pain
75
Myocardial Infarction Causes
Hypotension Hypovolemia HF MI Shock CAD Stenosis Embolism
76
Myocardial Infarction Treatment
Nitro does not relieve pain, need Morphine Reperfusion

Unit 12 (7 decks)

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