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Religion > Augustine on Human Nature > Flashcards

Augustine on Human Nature Flashcards

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1
Q

In Genesis, what does it say about Adam and Eve and shame?

A

‘At that moment their eyes were opened, and they suddenly felt shame at their nakedness’ - Genesis

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2
Q

In Genesis, what does it say about God punishing women?

A

‘To the woman He said: “I will greatly multiply your sorrow and your conception; In pain you shall bring forth children; Your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you’ - Genesis

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3
Q

What is The Fall?

A

The moment described in Genesis when Adam and Eve rebelled against God and were punished by being expelled from Eden. After the Fall humans are in disharmony with God and nature.

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4
Q

Define cupiditas

A

Love of self. Desire and lust

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5
Q

Define caritas

A

Generous love, loving one another.

Love of what is right

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6
Q

What is the pre-lapsarian era?

A

The period of time before the Fall, where humans lived with balanced cupiditas and caritas, and liven in paradisal harmony

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7
Q

What is the post-lapsarian era?

A

The period of time after the Fall, where cupiditas and caritas are unbalanced and there is suffering and disharmony

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8
Q

What did Augustine and Pelagius disagree about?

A

Augustine believed that Original sin makes human nature corrupt and that guilt is passed from generation to generation, so they are incapable of choosing to do good without God’s grace.

Pelagius disagreed, believing that humans have sufficient free will to overcome personal sin

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9
Q

Why could Adam summon an erection at will?

A

Augustine argued that part of friendship between men and women is reproduction, as God stated in Genesis ‘Be fruitful and multiply, fill the earth’. This meant that Adam and Eve had lustless, platonic sex.

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10
Q

What book did Augustine write?

A

The City of God

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11
Q

What did Augustine write about sex in The City of God?

A

‘Then the man would have sowed the seed and woman would have conceived the child when their sexual organs had been aroused by the will, at the appropriate time and in the necessary degree, and had not been excited by lust’ - The City of God

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12
Q

What did St Paul write in Romans about the ‘divided will’?

A

‘I do not understand my own actions. For I do not do what I want, but I do the very thing I hate’ - Romans

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13
Q

Define Akrasia

A

Weakness of will

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14
Q

Define Akolosia

A

Wickedness

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15
Q

Define Enkrateia

A

Self-control

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16
Q

Define Sophrosyne

A

Temperance

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17
Q

According to Aristotle, what are the 4 stages of the moral life?

A

1) Akolosia (wickedness)
2) Akrasia (weakness)
3) Enkrateia (self-control)
4) Sophrosyne (temperance)

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18
Q

Define Continence

A

Self-restraint, especially with regards to sexual pleasures

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19
Q

What is the ‘divided-will’?

A

The will is divided due to the Fall and this means that despite willing to do good it is weakened by desires and does the opposite.

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20
Q

Define Concupsicence

A

Sexual lust, but can also refer to any uncontrolled desire e.g for money

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21
Q

What is Original Sin?

A

People are born with sexual urges and the inclination to do wrong.

The Christian notion that, despite being created in the image of God, all humans fail to fulfil this potential and live in disharmony.

Human nature is tainted by the events of The Fall, and we are now inclined to act in corrupt ways.

22
Q

What is the ‘double death’?

A

The first death was Adam eating the fruit and causing them to be ashamed of their nakedness in Genesis.

The second death is the mortal state of every human being as God’s punishment.

23
Q

How does Augustine believe sin is transmitted?

A

Augustine believes that, due to The Fall, every act of sexual intercourse is tainted by concupiscence, so that every human is born with sin.

24
Q

Why does Jesus not have Original Sin?

A

Jesus did not have Original Sin due to the immaculate conception. Indeed, Jesus was conceived without lust.

25
Q

What is the Summum Bonum?

A

The Greatest Good

26
Q

What is grace?

A

God’s generous, undeserved and free act of love for the world expressed supremely in the giving of his son Jesus Christ in order that humans might overcome their sinful natures.

27
Q

What 3 things does Richard Dawkins believe about Original Sin?

A

1) It is absurd to believe that the corruption of all humans rests on two individuals
2) Even a symbolic account of The Fall does not rid Christianity of its unhealthy obsession with guilt or sex
3) The idea that God should wish to restore human nature by killing Jesus on the cross is sadomasochistic and irrational

28
Q

What does the psychologist Steven Pinker say about the humanitarian principle?

A

Humans get on much better when they act with the humanitarian principle, and when society rejected the ideas of The Fall, there was a reduction in torture and capital punishment.

29
Q

What is the humanitarian principle?

A

The idea that humans get on better when each person takes into account the interests of others

30
Q

Who wrote about libido?

A

Sigmund Freud

31
Q

What did Freud write about libido?

A

It is a vital and natural elements of human development.

32
Q

What is libido?

A

The instinctive sex drive or energy

33
Q

Give a quote about the pre-lapsarian era

A

‘Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth’ - Genesis

34
Q

According to Genesis, what was the pre-lapsarian era like?

A

‘Indeed, it was very good’ - Genesis

35
Q

What is Imago Dei?

A

Being made in the image of God

36
Q

Give a quote about the post-lapsarian era

A

‘Because of what you have done, the ground will be under a curse. You will have to work hard all your life to make it produce enough food for you’ - Genesis

37
Q

What does God say in Genesis meaning that men will die?

A

‘You were made from soil, and you will become soil again’ - Genesis

38
Q

What is Peccatum Originale?

A

Humans sharing a common guilt

39
Q

What is Reatum?

A

An inherited guilt

40
Q

What is Vitium?

A

An inherited disease

41
Q

What is the quote from Ephesians supporting salvation by grace?

A

“God saved you by his grace when you believed. And you can’t take credit for this; it is a gift from God.” - Ephesians

42
Q

What are 3 differences between Pelagius and St Augustine?

A

1) Augustine believes that Original sin means that humans act immorally, whereas Pelagius thinks that humans can still act with caritas
2) Augustine thinks that we have a ‘divided will’, whereas Pelagius thinks that we have free will
3) Augustine thinks that grace comes from God and we achieve salvation by grace, whereas Pelagius thinks that grace comes from within us and we achieve salvation by merit

43
Q

What is the quote from Titus in support of salvation by grace?

A

‘For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation’ - Titus

44
Q

Which 2 quotes support Augustine’s salvation by grace?

A

1) ‘For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation’ - Titus
2) “God saved you by his grace when you believed. And you can’t take credit for this; it is a gift from God.” - Ephesians

45
Q

Which quote in Matthew supports salvation by merit?

A

‘Whenever you refused to help […] you refused to help me. These people then, will be sent off to eternal punishment, but the righteous will go to eternal life’ - Matthew

46
Q

What 2 reasons would someone support salvation by merit?

A

1) Pelagius believed that it is what a just, omnibenevolent and omnipotent God would do
2) It has scriptural support in Matthew, ‘Whenever you refused to help […] you refused to help me. These people then, will be sent off to eternal punishment, but the righteous will go to eternal life’

47
Q

What did Jean-Paul Sartre famously state?

A

‘Existence precedes essence’

48
Q

What does ‘existence precedes essence’ mean?

A

It means that we decide our own purposes and determine our existences, so our choices are made of our own free will not because of sinful human nature

49
Q

What did Jean-Paul Sarte say about self-determination?

A

‘Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself’ - Jean-Paul Sartre

50
Q

What 3 arguments are there against the existence of Original Sin?

A

1) Jean-Paul Sartre believed that ‘Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself’, as ‘Existence precedes essence’
2) Richard Dawkins argued that evolution proves that humans did not originate from Adam and Eve. According to a 2013 meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society, human genetic diversity could not be the product of less than 10,000 parents, let alone two.
3) It would be unfair of God to punish all humans due to the actions of 2 individuals. Dawkins wrote in The God Delusion ‘What kind of ethical philosophy is it that condemns every child, even before it is born, to inherit the sin of a remote ancestor?’

51
Q

What did a 2013 meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society establish?

A

According to a 2013 meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society, human genetic diversity could not be the product of less than 10,000 parents, let alone two.

52
Q

What did Richard Dawkins write in The God Delusion about original sin?

A

Dawkins wrote in The God Delusion ‘What kind of ethical philosophy is it that condemns every child, even before it is born, to inherit the sin of a remote ancestor?’

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