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CDS 4300 exam 2 > auditory physiology > Flashcards

auditory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

pinna

A

funnel for info directed toward the head from the front or side
-resonator for 2000-5000 Hz (important range for speech recognition)

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2
Q

outer ear

A

capability of selective enhancement of certain freq, due to resonator qualities

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3
Q

real ear measurements

A

accomplished by placing a probe mic or small tube into the outer ear canal and measuring sound pressure
-to figure out what the client is actually hearing (we don’t want to over amplify them)

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4
Q

resonance of the external auditory meatus

A

results in a net gain of approx 10-15 dB around 2700 Hz

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5
Q

resonant quality of the concha

A

around 5000 Hz

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6
Q

middle ear

A

designed to increase pressure arriving at the cochlea and overcome the resistance of flow of energy (impedance)
-main job= impedance matching

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7
Q

mechanism for impedance matching

A

the TM is about 17 times larger than the oval window
-gain is equivalent to an increase of about 25 dB
second, the length of the manubruim is approx 9 mm, while the long process of the incus is 7 mm
-gain of nearly 2 dB
-gain of a total of 33 dB for impedance matching

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8
Q

sound transmission

A

through the middle ear to the inner ear via 3 methods

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9
Q

3 methods of sound transmission

A
  • bone conduction
  • the air in the middle ear cavity
  • through the ossicular chain
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10
Q

bone conduction

A

occurs when acoustic pressure changes cause the temporal bone to vibrate, stimulating the inner ear fluids

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11
Q

bone conduction testing

A

a vibrator is placed directly on the skull, stimulating the inner ear directly and bypassing the middle ear
-differentiates middle ear disorders from sensorineural HL

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12
Q

ossicular chain

A

most effective method for sound transmission in the middle ear
-as the TM vibrates, it sets the OC into motion, thus vibrating the fluids of the inner ear at the oval window

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13
Q

changes in air pressure in the middle ear

A

reduces the efficiency of vibration

-if sound trasmission is not efficient it can cause a HL

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14
Q

inner ear

A

responsible for performing spectral and temporal acoustic analyses of the incoming acoustical signal

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15
Q

first level of auditory processing of an acoustic signal

A

the cochlea sorts out freq components of an incoming signal, determines the amp, and identities basic temporal aspects of that signal

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16
Q

subsequent processing

A

occurs as the signal works its way along the auditory neural pathways to the brain to be perceived

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17
Q

what does the footplate of the stapes compress?

A

the perilymph and distends the BM

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18
Q

number of oscillations of the TM

A

ossicle-footplate combination results in that periodic vibration to the BM, where a wave action initiates called the traveling wave

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19
Q

basilar membrane

A

well designed to support wave action that directly corresponds to the freq of vibration of the input sound

20
Q

what do low freq sound result in?

A

long traveling wave that reaches the apex covering greater distance along the BM

21
Q

what does the traveling wave do?

A

separates out the freq components of complex sounds

-high freq sounds are process in the base and low freq sounds are processed toward the apex

22
Q

point of maximum amplitude

A

is the primary point of neural excitation of the hair cells within the organ of corti
-after it reaches the max, it quickly dampens

23
Q

place of maximum disturbance determines what?

A

the freq info that is transmitted to the brain

24
Q

as mass of the BM increases..

A

the resonant freq decrases

-BM becomes more massive and wider from base to apex

25
Q

what combines to make the BM a great freq analyzer

A

graded stiffness, graded mass, and graded width

26
Q

what type of fluid do the IHCs depend on?

A

endolymph

27
Q

disturbance at the point of max excitation causes..

A

a turbulence, which produced swirls of fluid molecules

28
Q

hinge-like arrangment

A

between the BM and the spiral limbus

-places the OHCs in a position to be activated by the lower level stimulus than the IHCs

29
Q

potential of the scala media

A

has a constant positive potential (endocochlear potential) relative to the tympani and vestibuli

30
Q

what does damage to the stria vascular result in?

A

loss or decrease of EP (endocochlear potential)

-strong positive potential comes from the active ion pumping by the stria vascularis

31
Q

what does transduction of neural info take place?

A

near the top of the haircuts in the region of the stereo cilia

32
Q

what happens during the shearing of the stereo cilia?

A

tip lengths stretch and a trapdoor opens and closes allowing ions to flow in and out of the hair cell
-starts the neural transduction process

33
Q

what is the role of the sterocilia on the OHCs

A

sensing vibration within the cochlea

-make the cochlea very sensitive to small vibrations

34
Q

OHCs feedback energy

A

due to its motility and cochlear potentials

-OHCs amplify small vibrations which help stimulate the IHCs

35
Q

what is initiated by the IHCs?

A

neural events

-sends the signal up the auditory nerve bundle to the brainstem

36
Q

biological transducers for sound

A

IHCs

-where most fibers for the auditory nerve connect

37
Q

auditory nerve preserves..

A

the freq, intensity, and timing info from the cochlea and brings this info to the brainstem

38
Q

discharge patterns of the auditory nerve fibers

A

reflect the freq, intensity, and timing encoding performed by the mechanics of the inner ear
-these nerve fibers leave the modiolus of the cochlea in an order manner

39
Q

what do the nerve fibers from the base of the cochlea make up?

A

outside of the nerve bundle

-carry high freq info

40
Q

what forms the entire VIII nerve tract?

A

auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea join the nerves from the vestibular system

41
Q

types of afferent fibers

A

radial fibers and outer spiral fibers

42
Q

radial fibers

A

type one

  • comprise 95% of the total number of afferent fibers
  • innervates IHCs exclusively with 10 radial fibers for every 1-2 IHCs
43
Q

outer spiral fibers

A

type 2

  • constitutes about 5% of the afferent fibers
  • there is one to many connections
  • one outer spiral innervation to about 10 OHCs
44
Q

characteristic freq

A

is the freq where the neurons fire most

the CF is different for each freq

45
Q

what do the fibers on the outside of the auditory bundle innervate?

A

basal haircells - have high freq CFs

46
Q

what do the fibers toward the middle of the nerve bundle innervate?

A

with haircells at the apex of the cochlea

-have low freq CFs

47
Q

olivocochlear bundle

A

done with efferent innervation of the haircells

-series of nerves that come from the olivary complex in the auditory brainstem to the haircuts of the organ of corti

CDS 4300 exam 2 (4 decks)

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