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Perception > Auditory perception > Flashcards

Auditory perception Flashcards

1
Q

define a sound

A

the change in pressure in the air through bands of condensation and rarefaction

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2
Q

define condensation

A

high pressure band of air

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3
Q

define rarefaction

A

low pressure band of air

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4
Q

define frequency

A

number of cycles, measured in Hz

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5
Q

define amplitude

A

the increase or decrease in pressure tha forms a cycle of sound

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6
Q

what the normal sound range for humans

A

20 - 20,000 Hz

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7
Q

how does frequency influence pitch perception

A

higher frequency = higher perception of pitch

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8
Q

how do we percieve loudness

A

high amplitude = loud

low amplitude - quiet

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9
Q

what are tones

A

harmony of different frequencies
contains a fundamental frequency which is the first harmonic and most closely reated to the tone we percieve, and higher harmonics which are multiples of the fundamental frequency

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10
Q

define the periodicy of pitch

A

sound periodicity refers to similarities in wavelength - spacing between harmonics governs repetition rate
can have same tone without fundamental freq - not all harmonics necessary to get same repetition rate

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11
Q

Describe loudness

A

‘sound intensity’ - size of amp/wavelength

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12
Q

Describe pitch

A

high pitch = high freq - governed by frequency of cycles

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13
Q

Describe tone chroma

A

Value of notes within an octave ie all c note have same chroma from diff octaves

A tone chroma is each fundamental frequency x 2

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14
Q

Describe timbre

A

Sounds have same tone (fundamental freq) but diff harmonics

Therefore diff for diff instruments

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15
Q

How does attack delay influence timbre

A

Determines perception of speed

Ie plucked guitar faster than breath controlled bassoon

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16
Q

What is the pinna

A

Outer ear

Focuses sounds waves into auditory canal

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17
Q

What are the ossicles

A

Act as amplifiers
Malleus, incus and stapes
Connect from tympanic membrane (end of auditory canal) to cochlear

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18
Q

What do the ossicles do

A

Concentrate vibrations from tympanic membrane
Increase air pressure x20 to vibrate chochlear

Sound propagate through auditory canal and intro air pressure diff to tymp causing movement

Malleus moves incus which moves stapes in fulcrum action - connect to oval window

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19
Q

How is sound perceived in the chochlear

A

sound down externaul auditory canal to tympanic membrane
-freq of vibration = pitch, intensity = loudness
ossicles concenrate vibration onto oval window
vibrations in cochlear fluid due to flexibility of round window - dissapates
vibrations up scala vestibuli to apex
vibrations down scala tympani to round window
organ of corti on basillar membrane on cochlear duct between vestibuli and tympani move in relation to vibrations - cillia on hair cells move, hair cells elongate/contract - send ap via auditory nerve and amp

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20
Q

How do the inner hair cells propagate an AP

A

Move in relation to pressure waves

Left and right motion opens ion channels producing bursts of electrical signals
up and down motion of basillar membrane elongates and contracts hair cells for amplification

Ap transfers to auditory nerve fibre

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21
Q

What determines rate of firing in inner hair cells

A

Sound frequency

Determines speed and movement

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22
Q

What is the basilar membrane

A

Where vibrations are converted to electrical impulses

Pressure diff due to move of ossicles at oval window between scala vestibulli and tympani
Cause basilar membrane to move up and down

Hair cells move in relation to basilar and send ap down auditory nerve

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23
Q

How does the cochlear act as an amplifier

A

Hair cells elongate when moved in one direct and contract in other

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24
Q

What is related to the representation of pitch

A

Primary auditory cortex
Diff freq mapped tonotopically
Lowest at anterior
Highest at posterior

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25
Q

What is temporal coding

A

Location irrelevant
Pitch coded by firing rate of nerve cells

Bender and wang 2005
Temp coding is determinant of pitch below 5000HZ

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26
Q

What is place coding

A

Pitch identified by anatomical location of action in basilar membrane

Bender and wang 2005
Determinant of pitch above 5000HZ

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27
Q

How is pitch related to frequency

A

High freq = high pitch

28
Q

Temp coding and pitch

A

High freq = high pitch even below 5000 HZ

High firing rate = high freq

Phase locking

29
Q

What is phase locking

A

auditory neurons have refractory period of max 5000hz (phase lock)
for higher pitches, neurons fire simultaneiously mimicing the higher frequency

30
Q

Place coding and pitch

A

Low freq cause firing at apex

High freq cause firing at base

31
Q

How is sound localised

A

It is not like vision
Do no review positional info as sound spread out over cochlear

Use binaural cues

32
Q

How is sound localised

A

Elevation (above or below?)
Azimuth (left or right?)
Distance

33
Q

Define inter aural time diff (ITD)

A

If sound directly in front then reach both ears at same time

At an angle, will reach one before the other

Determines azimuth - direction of sound by time taken to reach each ear

34
Q

What is an acoustic shadow

A

When sound reach one ear first and is masked by head from reaching other ear
Less likely if freq Lower

35
Q

Describe the cone of confusion

A

Elevation cannot be distinguished by ITD
time to reach the same at diff elevations
Must use monaural cues

36
Q

What are monaural cues

A

Info about elevation
Determine by spectral cues and distribution of freq that reach the ear

Pinna filters sounds - introduces diff delays between signals at diff elevations

Pinna provides cue for sound elevation

37
Q

Describe the auditory pathway

A

1 cochlear nucleas
- from auditory nerve

2 superior olivary cortex
- signals from both ears meet

3 inferior colliculus
- binaural processes of information

4 medial geniculate nucleus

5 primary auditory cortex

38
Q

COOL SONIC MG

A

Cochlear nucleas
Super olivary
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate

  • primary auditory cortex
39
Q

Describe Jeffres neural coincidence model

A

Detection of azimuth at neural level
In super olivary cortex

  • A -
    >- B -
40
Q

Define axonal conduction delay

A

Time taken for AP to travel from initiation site to neural soma

41
Q

What is tuning

A

Lateral position of sound is determined by the position of max activation of coincidence detector neurons tuned to diff ITDs

Tuning of a neuron for an ITD is determined by the difference in axonal conduction all delay in each ear -‘delay line’

42
Q

Do mammals fit the neural coincidence model

A

Owls do - each neuron tuned to different ITDs

Mammals don’t seem to follow -
In rats, have wider tuning curve
Location of sound indicated by ratio of response between firing
Neurons more broadly tuned to a range of ITDs

43
Q

What are the pathways for sound into the prefrontal cortex

A

Posterior belt area - special tuning ‘where’
Anterior belt area - sound identification ‘what’ - rauschecker & tion 2000 - neurons in monkeys respond to vocalisations in jungles

Both project onto PFC

44
Q

what are the suggested processing streams of auditory information and what are their seperate functions

A

lamber and Malhorta (2008)
Investigate auditory parallel processing streams

Reversible coding deactivation:
Deactivate posterior = localisation deficit
Deactivate anterior = pattern discrimination defecit

Roles very specific

45
Q

Describe the precedence effect

A

Sound takes many diff routes
Perceive sound and localisation based on first wavelength that arrives at our ears

Separate sources via ITD, ILD (interaural level (intensity) difference), onset time, pitch &I timbre

46
Q

Describe stream segregation

A

One melody played together sounds like two separate sources

High and low notes within melody separate when played fast

Due to diff in pitches in melody and time

When slowed the melody becomes more fluid

47
Q

Define phonemes

A

Basic unit of speech - shortest segment
If changes, word changes
Ie c/a/t = K/æ/t

48
Q

Define formants

A

specific band of pressure that determines the photenic quality of a vowel (aeiou)

49
Q

What are formant transitions

A

rapid change in frequency from a constant (cdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz) to a voewl (formant)
use as a cue for articulation

50
Q

how does the perception of formants differ for different words (Moore (2012)

A

Sound spectrogram of dormant frequencies

‘Di’ ‘du’

First dormant the same but second formant have different frequencies - ‘di’ much higher

51
Q

How can context affect acoustic signal

A

Phoneme strong effect on other segments close to them

Co articulation - overlap in articulation in neighbouring phonemes

52
Q

What is voice onset time (VOT)

A

Delay between when sound behind and vocal cords begin to vibrate
Contribute to perceptual constancy
Allows to identify co articulation of formants

53
Q

How do faces influence speech perception

A

Speech is multimodal- use visual cues to aid understanding

54
Q

Describe Mcgurk and McDonald (1976)

A 
"Mcgurk effect" 
Multi sensory illusion 
Dub video of speech with a different constant 
Visual info incongruent with auditory 
Rely more heavily on visual and mishear
55
Q

how can lip movement influence brain activity (Calvert 1997)

A

Watch lips move improves speech

Fmri - visual cues activate auditory cortex
Activate for silent speech-like movements

56
Q

Describe von kregstein et al 2005 FFA

A

Fmri find activity in fusiform face area when hear a familiar voice
Localised separately to visual info
Emphasise link of speaker recognition over content

57
Q

Describe warren 1970 speech restoration effect

A

Context knowledge of language
Speech replaced by cough or tone - pps report hearing missing word

Silent - don’t hear

58
Q

turvey and von gelder 1976

A

Reaction to phoneme target faster than nonsense word utterances
Ie sin bat leg / jum baf teg

59
Q

Phonemic restoration effect

A

Samuwel 1990
Speech perception determined by acoustic signal and context expectations

Sounds actually missing from a speech signal can be restored by the brain and may appear to be heard.

Easier if words longer and similar

60
Q

how can context influence (Miller and isard 1963)

A

Words more intelligible in context
Subjects given sentence arranges in 3 ways
Grammatical - “gadgets simplify work around the house”
Ungrammatical - “between gadgets highways passengers the steal”
Anomalous - “gadgets kill passengers from the eyes”

In silence or with background noise

Best - grammatical in silence (89%)
Worst - ungrammatical with noise (3%)

61
Q

Describe overall speech perception

A

Seems to be a mix between top down and bottom up processing

Knowledge and meaning mix with acoustic signal to produce own perception

62
Q

Speech perception/production and the brain

A

Broccas area

  • frontal lobe
  • primarily speech production

Wernickes area

  • temporal lobe
  • primarily speech perception

Aphasiacs with damage to one stream still hold other ability

63
Q

Dual stream model of perception

A

Hickok and poepel 2007
Ventral - ‘what’ - comprehension
Dorsal - ‘where’ - map acoustic to movements producing the speech

64
Q

Define speech segmentation

A

Perception of individual words in a convo

Meaning and prior knowledge be responsible for organising sounds to words

65
Q

how does language aquisition develop

A

Lang acquisition is a combination of experience dependent & independent mechanism

As a young age - segmentation occurs based in statistical relationship of neighbouring speech sounds

Becomes more experienced based

Perception (11 decks)

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