Auditory Mechanism And Hearing Loss Flashcards
Hemifacial microsomia
Only one ear is undersized
Goldenhar Syndrome
An undersized malformed jaw in addition to unilateral microtia.
Microtia-anotia
A condition in which the pinna or outer ear is undersized (microtia) or absent altogether (anotia).
Trisomy 18
Edwards Syndrome, a chromosomal syndrome in which the 18th pair of chromosomes has an extra chromosome. Can cause microtia-anotia.
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome, a chromosomal syndrome in which the 21st pair of chromosomes has an extra chromosome. Can cause microtia-anotia.
Treacher-Collins Syndrome
A single gene syndrome which can cause microtia-anotia as a feature.
Anotia
The complete lack of an outer ear. This causes conductive hearing loss, as there’s no pinna to collect sound signals.
Cup-shaped ears
Small ears which grow forward over the external auditory meatus. In addition to not funneling sound into the canal normally, the pinnae can block the entrance of the canal and cause conductive hearing loss.
Lop ears
Usually larger than normal ears which extend away from the head at a larger than normal angle. Usually come with other birth defects but do not cause hearing loss.
At what age should a child have a pediatric medical examination if they are not speaking? Why?
Two years of age; to rule out hearing loss, congenital deformities affecting speech, intellectual disorders, and ASD.
The three types of hearing loss
Conductive - hearing loss caused by a problem in the outer and/or middle ear
Sensorineural - hearing loss in the inner ear/nerves/brain
Mixed - a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
What percentage of children with just minimal hearing loss fail at least one school grade?
37%
Incidental learning from conversations they hear makes up what percentage of young children’s learning?
90%
A threshold reduction of 10 dB lowers subjective perception of loudness by how much?
Half
A threshold reduction of 20 dB causes the student to hear how much of what the teacher says?
One quarter
Only ___ of normal-hearing children fail at least one school grade compared to ___ of children with minimal hearing loss.
2%
37%
What does a pure-tone audiometer do?
Presents simple sound signals or pure tones to help examiners plot an audiogram.
Air-conduction audiometry uses what?
OTE headphones/in-ear headphones/ear buds. Test tones go through the outer ear and middle ear via air and vibrations of the skull bones. Used to detect sensorineural and conductive hearing losses.
Bone-conduction audiometry uses what?
A vibrator on the temporal bone or forehead using a headband. Used to detect sensorineural hearing loss.
Otosclerosis
A condition involving abnormal growth of bone in the middle and/or inner ear.
If an individual’s hearing thresholds are the same for all frequencies, whether they have normal hearing or a hearing loss, the audiogram curve will be ___.
Flat, i.e. a straight horizontal line
An audiogram with a “notch” or “cookie bite” (i.e. A sharp dip in the 3,000-4,000 Hz frequencies) indicates ___.
a noise-induced hearing loss
A curve that is lower on the left than the right indicates more hearing loss at ___.
Lower frequencies
A curve that is lower on the right than the left indicates more hearing loss at ___.
Higher frequencies
Otorrhea
Discharge from the ears, which can consist of pus, mucus, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid.
Hearing loss in a child who can hear conversations better riding in the car with windows open can indicate ___.
Conductive hearing loss.
Recruitment is defined as…
The range between what is loud enough for you to hear and what is too loud for comfort is smaller than normal. Sensorineural hearing loss causes recruitment.
Békésy audiometry
Automated audiometers which emit pure tones along a continuum (continuous tones) and separately (interrupted tones) to create two threshold curves.
Tympanometry
Compares air pressure in the ear canal to middle ear impedance.
Three classifications of tympanogram configurations
Type A: indicates normal middle ear pressure.
Type B: indicates a perforated eardrum, wax obstruction, or non-compressible fluid from otitis media (middle ear infection).
Type C: shows negative middle ear pressure, indicating dysfunction of the Eustachian tube(s).
The acoustic reflex, also called the stapedius reflex, serves what purpose?
Protecting the hearer from hearing loss caused by sudden, overly loud noises. This reflex can cause temporary hearing reduction.
PI-PB
Performance Intensity for Phonetically Balanced words
PI-SSI
Performance Intensity for Synthetic Sentence Identification
Speech audiometry
Testing ones hearing of speech rather than hearing of pure tones.
At what age are babies in the stage of babbling? What does this consist of?
Six to eight months. Consists of repeated patterns of consonant and vowel sounds.
From nine to eighteen months, babies are in what stage of language development?
Holophrastic stage - depicted as one-word, one-unit, or one-morpheme utterances
From eighteen to twenty-four months, children are in what language stage?
Two-word stage, speaking in mini sentences as well as one-word utterances.
What stage of language development would a 24 to 30 month old child be in?
Telegraphic stage - AKA early multiword (or multi-morpheme) stage. Sentence structure contains more lexical than grammatical morphemes.
Microtia
A smaller ear than normal, which can affect both ears and may be undersized in varying degrees.
