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Neuro 3 Mine > Auditory and Vestibular System > Flashcards

Auditory and Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

Presbycusis

A

-high frequency hearing loss with aging

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2
Q

Basilar membrane is ________ organized.

A

-tonotopically (spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain)

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3
Q

Outer hair cells are embedded in the ________ membrane.

A

-tectoral

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4
Q

3 Types of Hearing Loss

A
  1. conductive
  2. sensory
  3. neural
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5
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A
  • common
  • damage to outer hair cells due to noise exposure
  • can also be caused by ototoxic drugs
  • weber test: localizes to unaffected ear
  • rinne test: normal (air > bone)
  • severe sensorineural hearing loss -> cochlear implant
  • caused by loss of endocochlear potential
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6
Q

Meneiers Disease

A
  • fluctuating low frequency hearing loss
  • problem with fluid composition and pressure of fluids in cochlea
  • tinnitus
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7
Q

CN 8 Fibers

A

Type 1: myelinated, large, 95% of total, mian ascending neurons for audition, innervate inner hair cells

Type 2: 5%, unmyelinated, function unknown, innervate outer hair cells, respond to loud sounds

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8
Q

Otoacustic Emissions

A
  • can record sound coming out of ear

- way to test if auditory system is functional

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9
Q

Phase Locking

A
  • nerve doesn’t fire for every cycle of cilia movement but does fire at specific point in cycle
  • low frequency neurons exhibit phase locking to sounds
  • phase locking limit is 1500 Hz
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10
Q

Interaural Level Distances (ILDs)

A
  • created at high frequencies (>1500Hz) where head casts an acoustic shadow
  • encoded in lateral sup. olive (LSO)
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11
Q

3 Main Acoustical Cues to Location

A
  1. interaural time delay (ITD)
  2. interaural level differences (ILD)
  3. spectral cues (>5kHz)
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12
Q

Interaural Time Delay

A
  • requires that inputs to medial sup. olive (MSO) neurons exhibit phase locking to sounds
  • important for low frequency
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13
Q

Inferior colliculus responds to ______ acoustic space.

A

-contralateral

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14
Q

Medial Genticulate Nucleus

A
  • projects to amygdala

- auditory fear conditioning

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15
Q

Broca’s Area

A

-44, 45

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16
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

-22

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17
Q

Vestibular System

A
  • provides sense of equilibrium
  • located in temporal bone
  • hair cells in otolith organs respond to linear accelerations of head
  • hair cells in amullae respond to head rotations
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18
Q

Endolymph

A
  • high [K+]= 140 mM
  • low [Na+], [Ca++]
  • hair bundles project from the apical surface of hair cells into endolymph
  • move the cupula and stimulates hair cells in crista ampullaris
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19
Q

Perilymph

A
  • basolateral hair cell membrane is bathed in perilymph
  • low [K+]
  • high [Na+] and [Ca++]
20
Q

Otoconia

A

-calcium carbonate crystals overlaying hair bundles

21
Q

Kinocilium

A
  • tallest hair in bundle
  • gives hair directional sensitivity
  • movement toward kinocilium depolarizes cell and causes nerve excitation
  • movement away from cell causes hyperpolarization
22
Q

Direction of Hairs in Utricle

A

-toward line of polarity

23
Q

Direction of Hairs in Sacule

A

-away from line of polarity

24
Q

Semicircular Canals

A
  • hair bundles face same way

- sense rotation and active movement (not continuous rotation)

25
Q

Motion Sensed by Cupula

A
  • acceleration
  • deceleration
  • does not sense continued motion
26
Q

Hair Cell MOA

A
  • mechanotransducers
  • ion channels are gated by tip links, which connect to cilia in hair bundle
  • pushing hair bundle in excitatory direction opens channels and K+ and Ca++ from endolymph enter and depolarize hair cell
  • hair cell fires action potential
27
Q

Vestibular Nuclei

A

-subdivided into superior, medial, lateral, descending

28
Q

Vestibolar Ocular Reflex

A
  • shortest reflex in body
  • enables stable visual field during head movement
  • leads to nystagmus
29
Q

Stapes bone connects to the ______ window.

A
  • oval

- oval window of the cochlea

30
Q

Hair cells are located in:

A

-organ of chordi

31
Q

Cochlea

A
  • apex (tip) processes low frequency sounds

- base processes high frequency sounds

32
Q

Treatment of Sensorineural Hearing Imparement

A
  • air conduction hearing aids
  • implantable hearing aids
  • cochlear implants (1 year old)
  • assistive listening devices
  • speech and language training
33
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

-Causes: otitis media (most common cause), TM perforation, cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, congenital aural atresia

34
Q

Sensory Hearing Loss

A

-Causes: hair cell loss (presbycusis, noise trauma, ototoxicity, genetic factors, endolymphatic hydrops, meniere’s disease)

35
Q

Presbycusis

A
  • gradual, progressive bilateral hearing loss caused by degenerative physiologic changes associated with aging
  • dec. ability to understand loud speech
  • dec. hearing threshold sensitivity
36
Q

Causes of Congenital Hearing Loss

A
  • environmental (25%)

- genetic (50%) (connexin 26/GJB2 important gene)

37
Q

Neural Hearing Loss

A
  • causes: 8th nerve tumors, auditory neuropathy, MS

- asymmetric hearing loss is red flag of CNS

38
Q

Vestibular Schwannoma

A

-headache occurs late in progression

39
Q

Meniere’s Disease

A

-caused by excess endolymph fluid within inner ear

40
Q

Most Common Non-Genetic or Non-Congenital Cause of Hearing Loss

A

-cytomegalovirus (CMV)

41
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

-skin cysts that form due to retraction, most commonly in pars flaccida

42
Q

Otosclerosis

A
  • localized disorder of bone remodeling
  • causes progressive conductive hearing loss
  • most common in Caucasians
  • tx: stapedectomy
43
Q

Lateral Sup. Olive

A

-receives ILDs

44
Q

Medial Sup. Olive

A

-interprets ITDs

45
Q

Unilateral Lesion of R Sup. Olive

A

-will affect sound localization (can’t tell where sound is coming from)

46
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

-encodes contralateral sound sources

47
Q

Otitis Media

A

-fluid has filled middle ear

Neuro 3 Mine (9 decks)

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