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Perception > audition > Flashcards

audition Flashcards

0
Q

wave of a pure tone can be described as a

A

sine wave

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1
Q

sound?

A

vibration in the air that travels by pressure waves

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2
Q

frequency

A

pitch
Hz
how many full waves in a second

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3
Q

amplitude

A

loudness
dB
height of wave

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4
Q

phase

A

timbre?
degrees
How far through the wave are we? timing/position

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5
Q

what is a natural sound?

A

a collection of simple sine waves added together

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6
Q

addition of 2 waves of same frequency, same amplitude and same phase =

A

sine wave

same frequency and phase but amplitude doubles

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7
Q

complex wave =

A

adding 2 waves of different frequencies

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8
Q

decomposing a complex sound into its sine wave components

A

fourier analysis

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9
Q

in a complex wave what is the component with the lowest frequency that gives that note its characteristic pitch

A

fundamental

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10
Q

peripheral auditory system

A

inner ear
middle ear
outer ear

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11
Q

central auditory system

A

cells in the brainstem and cerebral cortex

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12
Q

where is the organ of corti

A

along the basilar membrane

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13
Q

pinna

A

flexible flap on the outside of ear

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14
Q

meatus

A

external auditory canal, focuses sound waves into the ear

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15
Q

component of middle ear

A 
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
ossicles/bones
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16
Q

auditory transduction

A

meatus focuses sound into the ear

  • > tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound
  • > ossicles transmit energy from eardrum through cochlea
  • > fluid displacement in cochlea causes vibration in basilar membrane
  • > inner hair cells, in organ of corti, stimulate the auditory nerve
  • > auditory nerve sends signal to the brain
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17
Q

largest vibration near the stapes and base of the cochlea

A

high frequency

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18
Q

largest vibration near the apex of cochlea

A

low frequencies

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19
Q

auditory nerve cells filter….

A

on the basis of frequency.
e.g., band-pass filter

BASILAR MEMBRANE performs the filtering

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20
Q

place code

‘frequency-to-place’

A

hair cells have a ‘characteristic frequency’ that they are ‘tuned’ to.
determined by where they are on the basilar membrane

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21
Q

how does our ear cover the full dynamic range of human hearing?

A

2 groups of auditory fibres with different roles

high spontaneous rate fibres = lower sound intensities
low spontaneous rate fibres = higher intensities

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22
Q

cortical organisation for audition

A

tonotopic organisation.

primary auditory cortex is organised in terms of sound frequency

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23
Q

role of outer hair cells in the cochlea

A

amplify and fine tune the repsonses of the inner hair cells

feedback mechanism

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24
Q

motile response

A

when outer hair cells change their size in response to impulses from higher areas

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25
Q

3 major theories of pitch perception

A

place theory
pattern theory
timing theory

26
Q

place theory

A

frequency to place conversion of the basilar membrane
* place coding best for high freq simple tones

but doesn’t account for missing fundamentals (if its missing it can’t go through a filter)

27
Q

bandwidth

A

= RANGE of freqs that are transduced by this filter

28
Q

wide abndwidth

A

= broad tuning

predicts poor ability to discriminate between frequencies

29
Q

narrow bandwidth

A

sharp tuning

good frequency discrimination

30
Q

masking

A

= noise.

need more intense signal to reach detection threshold

31
Q

timing theory

A

timing of neural impulses carries frequency info (beats)
if fundamental not present our brain ‘fits it in’

ONLY possible for low-freq sounds

32
Q

pattern theory

A

depends on resolved harmonics, finds the BEST FITTING harmonic series.

best with low frequencies

33
Q

how is loudness measured?

A

matching and scaling tasks

34
Q

loudness =

A

intensity of firing

35
Q

excitation pattern model

A

overall loudness is proportional to the neural activity evoked by it in the auditory nerve.

36
Q

monaural sound localisation

A

echoes resolve vertical localisation; PINNAE play a role

coming from up or down?

37
Q

binaural sound localisation

A

horizontal localisation;
interaural time difference
interaural level difference

38
Q

interaural time difference

A

difference in time of arrival depends on AZIMUTH (horizontal plane)
processed in MEDIAL SUPERIOR OLIVE

39
Q

interaural level difference

A

difference in intensity level depends on frequency (low freq; diff small, high freq; diff large)

processed in LATERAL SUPERIOR OLIVE

40
Q

if low freq which binaural sound localisation tool is used?

A

itd

41
Q

if high freq which binaural sound localisation tool is used?

A

ild

42
Q

cone of confusion

A

2 possible azimuths (front of behind)

solve; move head to introduce level and time differences

43
Q

precedence effect

A

apparent sound source direction is determined by the earliest sound to arrive at the ear

44
Q

complex waves must have

A

2 waves of diff frequencies

45
Q

tectorial membrane

A

flexible structure lying on top of the basilar membrane

46
Q

where in the ear does impedence mathching

A

inner ear

47
Q

displacement of cochlear hair cells toward the taller stereocillia __________ the cell

A

despolarizes

48
Q

tonotopic organisation

A

high freq largest vibration at stapes and base of cochlea

low freq largest vibration near apex of cochlea

49
Q

linear filter

A

does not add components that were not present in the input

50
Q

impedence matching

A

matches up the differing acoustic impedences of air and inner-ear fluid

51
Q

phase locking

A

firing of hair cells/neural impulses in synchrony with the variation of pressure of the input sound

52
Q

residue pitch

A

pitch heard in a complex wave due to BEATS rather then to resolvable harmonics

53
Q

freq discrimination is best for….

A

low frequencies

54
Q

ohm’s law

A

the auditory system constructs a separate representation for each frequency compoenet of a complex sound

55
Q

missing fundamental is in a ________

A

complex tone

56
Q

beats from unresolved harmonics, same as fundamental

known as…

A

residue pitch

57
Q

pattern theory can’t explain…..

A

residue pitch from unresolved harmonics

58
Q

place theory best explain

A

high freq pure tones

59
Q

timing theory best for

A

low frequency pure tones

60
Q

how is loudness matching acheived?

A

participant matches the intensity of a sound.

if the procedure is used for a range of comparison frequencies (to invesitigate frequency depndence of loudness) an EQUAL-LOUDNESS CONTOUR is produced

61
Q

loudness scaling

A

participants are asked to assign numbers to sounds at different intensities

62
Q

like other sensory modalities, loudness does NOT increase..

A

linearly with intensity

63
Q

duplex theory

A

ITD & ILD

Perception (7 decks)

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