Audit/QUIP/Research

Question 1

Evidence level 1++

Answer 1

High quality meta analysis, systematic review of RCTs or RCTs with very low risk of bias

Question 2

Evidence level 1+

Answer 2

High quality meta analysis, systematic reviews of RCTs with new low risk of bias

Question 3

Evidence level 1-

Answer 3

Meta analyses, systematic review RCTs with high risk bias

Question 4

Evidence level 2++

Answer 4

High quality review of systematic reviews of case-control or cohort studies, very low risk of confounding, bias to chance and high probability relationship is casual

Question 5

Evidence level 2+

Answer 5

Well conducted case control or cohort studies with low risk of confounding, bias, or chance and a moderate probability that the relationship is causal

Question 6

Evidence level 2-

Answer 6

Case control or cohort study with a high risk of confounding, bias, or chance and a s significant risk that the relationship is not causal

Question 7

Evidence level 3

Answer 7

Non-analytical studies e.g. case reports, case series

Question 8

Evidence level 4

Answer 8

Expert opinion

Question 9

Audit cycle

Answer 9

Question 10

Most common reasons re-audit cycles fail

Answer 10

• Lack of understanding of the processes involved in hospital and/or community setting
• Failure to involve stakeholders
• No secondary analysis of the problems revealed by the audit
• No authority to enact change and lack of motivation from those in the role which could help
• Inability to publicise the results effectively

Question 11

Type of study
to study rare outcome

Answer 11

Case control study
- Compare cases of disease with controls

Question 12

Type of study
Obtain the strongest evidence of association between exposure and outcome

Answer 12

RCT
Strongest evidence between exposure and outcomes, less affected by bias and spurious causality than observational research

Question 13

Type of study
measure incidence of a disease

Answer 13

Longitudinal descriptive study - incidence in number of new cases of condition over specific period of time

Question 14

Type of study
for a rare exposure

Answer 14

Cohort study
Follow subjects with or without exposure over time.

Question 15

Type of study
when little is known about the magnitude of a health problem

Answer 15

Survey

Question 16

Type of study
Measure the prevalence of a disease

Answer 16

Cross sectional descriptive study
prevalence is number of cases at particular point in time.

Question 17

What is a cluster randomised control trial

Answer 17

Groups rather than subjects are randomised

Question 18

In systematic review what is
Clinical, methodological and statistical heterogeneity

Answer 18

Clinical - variability in paricipants/intervetnions/outcomes studied

Methodological - varabilir in study design, risk of bias

Statistical - variability in the intervention effects begin evaluated

Can take test of heterogeneity - Cochrane Q test or 12 statistic scores

Question 19

Explained forest plot with diagram

Answer 19

Question 20

Forest plot, the position of the square reperesents

Answer 20

The odds ratio

Question 21

Forest plot, the size of the square

Answer 21

repents the weight to the study. The sample size

Question 22

Forest plot, the diamond

Answer 22

Measure of effect, lateral points care the condience intervals.

Question 23

Forest plot, the vertical line

Answer 23

Represents no effect, if CI cross this line, no effect

Question 24

Types of data

Answer 24

Categorial
Nominal
- No logical order
- Can calc mode (not median and mean)
Ordinal
Logical order (severity scale)
Can calc median/mode

Numerical
Discrete - whole numbers
Continuous - any value
Interval data (no zero) - can calculate ratio
Ratios