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Audiology and Speech Perception > Audiology - 1 > Flashcards

Audiology - 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychoacoustics?

A

The scientific study of sound perception

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2
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

A problem with the conduction of sound from air to the inner ear

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3
Q

What is sensori-neural hearing loss?

A

A problem with the cochlea and auditory nerve

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4
Q

What is the term for age related hearing loss?

A

Presbyacousis

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5
Q

What components of the ear does normal peripheral hearing depend upon?

A

The inner hair cells (for sensory transduction of basilar membrane to auditory nerve), The outer hair cells (amplify movement of the basilar membrane at low sound levels)

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6
Q

What nerve do the inner hair cells drive?

A

The auditory nerve

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7
Q

What type of innervation do outer hair cells have?

A

Efferent innervation

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8
Q

How many inner hair cells do afferent fibres attach to?

A

One

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9
Q

Where will low frequency sounds cause the basilar membrane to vibrate?

A

The apex

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10
Q

Where will high frequency sounds cause the basilar membrane to vibrate?

A

The basal end

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11
Q

What type of coding does the basilar membrane send to the cochlear place?

A

Tonotopic

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12
Q

What type of hearing loss does damage to the hair cells result in?

A

Sensori-neural hearing loss

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13
Q

What are the psychoacoustic concomitants of sensori-neural hearing loss?

A

Loss of sensitivity, Abnormal loudness growth (e.g intense sounds appear normal, less intense sounds appear inaudibly quiet), Reduction of the dynamic range, Impaired frequency selectivity

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14
Q

What are the effects of inner hair cell damage?

A

Loss of sensitivity, Reduced ability to hear spectral detail

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15
Q

What are the effects of outer hair cell damage?

A

Loss of level-dependent amplification, Loss of frequency tuning

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16
Q

What is meant by the term audibility?

A

How much of the sounds we can hear

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17
Q

When is intelligibility reduced?

A

When not all of the speech range is audible

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18
Q

What type of hearing losses is audibility able to provide predictions for?

A

Mild to moderate hearing losses

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19
Q

What can audibility not restore in cases of severe hearing loss?

A

Intelligibility

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20
Q

What are the effects of a reduction in dynamic range?

A

Quiet sounds are inaudibile, Loudness grows very rapidly with amplitude

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21
Q

Name a key property of auditory coding

A

The cochlea acts like a bank of band-pass filters (different areas process different frequencies)

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22
Q

Which frequencies do hearing loss typically affect?

A

Higher frequencies

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23
Q

What percentage of people in low and middle income countries are affected by hearing loss?

A

80%

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24
Q

What is the main cause of hearing loss in children?

A

Chronic middle ear infection

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25
Q

What percentage of hearing impairment is avoidable through prevention, early diagnosis and management?

A

50%

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26
Q

What percentage of early onset hearing impairment is caused by genetic factors?

A

More than 50%

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27
Q

What are the 4 classification areas of hearing disorders?

A

Age of onset, Site of pathology, Aetiology, Audiometric parameters (degree of impairment, frequencies affected, temporal pattern)

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28
Q

What might age of onset affect with regard to hearing disorders?

A

Development, Education, Psychosocial factors

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29
Q

What might site of pathology affect with regard to hearing disorders?

A

Management techniques, Surgery

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30
Q

What might aetiology affect with regard to hearing disorders?

A

Counselling (genetics), Management, Prevention

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31
Q

What might audiometric parameters affect with regard to hearing disorders?

A

Management, Education, Development, Psychosocial

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32
Q

What is it important to find out when considering age of onset?

A

Whether it is the age when the hearing loss was diagnosed or the age symptoms were first recognised

33
Q

When can age of onset hearing loss occur?

A

Pre or post lingual (before / after the development of language)

34
Q

What type of hearing loss occurs when the site of pathology is the outer / middle ear?

A

Conductive

35
Q

What type of hearing loss occurs when the site of pathology is the cochlea + VIII nerve?

A

Sensori-neural

36
Q

What type of hearing loss occurs when the site of pathology is the higher auditory pathways and temporal lobe?

A

Central auditory processing disorders

37
Q

Is conductive hearing loss usually temporary or permenant?

A

Temporary

38
Q

If a person has conductive hearing loss will they be able to hear if the sound reaches the cochlea?

A

Yes

39
Q

Can conductive hearing loss be treated medically or surgically?

A

Often yes

40
Q

Is sensori-neural hearing loss temporary or permenant?

A

Permenant

41
Q

Why is sensori-nerual hearing loss permenant?

A

Because structures of the cochlea and/or auditory nerve are damaged, stopping transmission of sound to the brain

42
Q

Can sensori-neural hearing loss be treated medically or surgically?

A

No

43
Q

What is a central auditory processing disorder?

A

When sound reaches the brain but cannot be interpreted

44
Q

What types of hearing loss can central auditory processing disorders occur with?

A

Conductive and sensori-neural

45
Q

What is ototoxicity?

A

Drugs that can damage the ear

46
Q

What is meant by ‘syndromic hearing loss’?

A

The presence of syndromes which can affect hearing loss through alterations to facial and ear structures

47
Q

Name a chromosomal abnormality that can affect hearing

A

Down’s Syndrome

48
Q

Why can people with Down’s Syndrome affected by hearing loss?

A

They have narrow ear canals and high prevelances of middle ear problems

49
Q

What does OME stand for?

A

Otitis Media with Effusion

50
Q

What is meant by an otocraniofacial syndrome?

A

A syndrome which affects the cranium, face and ears

51
Q

What is Treacher-Collins Syndrome?

A

A congenital disorder characterised by craniofacial deformities (absent cheekbones, downward slanting eyes)

52
Q

What kind of hearing loss is someone with Treacher-Collins Syndrome likely to experience?

A

Conductive

53
Q

What are non-syndromic causes of hearing loss?

A

Factors which are not related to syndromes but cause hearing loss

54
Q

Name some examples of non-syndromic hearing loss in the outer ear

A

Foreign bodies, ear wax

55
Q

Name an example of non-syndromic hearing loss in the middle ear

A

OME, Otosclerosis, Cholesteatoma

56
Q

What is Otosclerosis?

A

Fusion of the ossicles (stapes become attached to the oval window)

57
Q

What is a possible treatment for Otosclerosis?

A

Stapedectomy

58
Q

What type of hearing loss does Otosclerosis usually cause?

A

Conductive (can result in permenant hearing loss)

59
Q

What is Cholesteatoma?

A

Invasive growth in the middle ear / mastoid process (rare in western countries)

60
Q

What can sensori-neural hearing loss be secondary to?

A

Head injury, local trauma, systemic disease (renal, metabolic, liver)

61
Q

What is the current model for sensori-neural hearing loss?

A

Genetic + environmental

62
Q

What is the ratio of children born with permenant childhood hearing impairment (PCHI)?

A

1 in 1000

63
Q

What percentage of permenant childhood hearing impairment is acquired, progressive or late onset?

A

16%

64
Q

What percentage of permenant childhood hearing impairment is as a result of meningitis?

A

5%

65
Q

What percentage of sensori-neural hearing loss is genetic?

A

50% +

66
Q

What percentage of sensori-neural hearing loss is syndromic?

A

30%

67
Q

What is the most common gene for non-syndromic recessive and sporadic sensori-neural hearing loss?

A

Connexin 26

68
Q

Name some syndromes associated with sensori-neural hearing loss

A

Usher’s Syndrome, Waardenburg’s Syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielson Syndrome

69
Q

What is a characteristic physical feature of Waardenburg’s Syndrome?

A

A white forelock and bright blue eyes

70
Q

What are some of the pre- and peri-natal problems that can cause sensori-neural hearing loss?

A

Prematurity, Hypoxia, Low birth weight, Severe neonatal jaundice, Maternal alcohol

71
Q

What are some of the infections associated with sensori-neural hearing loss?

A

Rubella, Syphillis, Menningitis, Measles, Mumps

72
Q

If a child has suffered from Meningitis what must they been screened for?

A

Hearing changes

73
Q

What is one of the leading health problems in industrialised countries?

A

Noise

74
Q

What are the risk factors associated with noise induced hearing loss?

A

Intensity and duration of exposure, Individual susceptibility (genetic), Medications (ototoxic)

75
Q

What does Meniere’s Syndrome affect?

A

The cohlea

76
Q

What are some of the associated risk factors with Meniere’s Syndrome?

A

Stress, Diet, Migrane association

77
Q

What is Acoustic Neuroma?

A

Tumour on the auditory nerve (usually benign)

78
Q

What is the estimated prevelance of central auditory processing disorder?

A

5% of school-aged children

79
Q

What are the characteristics of central auditory processing disorders?

A

Poor recognition, discrimination, separation, grouping and ordering of non-speech sounds

Audiology and Speech Perception (6 decks)

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