AUBF UNIT 3

Question 1

Possible causes of hematuria

Answer 1

Glomerulonephritides
Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Renal calculi
Tumors
Trauma, appendicitis
Hypertension
Strenuous exercise, normal exercise, smoking
Cyclophosphamide
Anticoagulants (heparin)
Chemical toxicity

Question 2

Possible causes of hemoglobinuria

Answer 2

Intravascular hemolysis- transfusion reactions, hemolytic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Extensive burns
Infections: malaria, clostridium, perfringens, syphilis, mycoplasma
Chemical toxicity: copper, nitrites, nitrates
Exertional hemolysis: marching, karate, long distance running

Question 3

Possible causes of myoglobinuria

Answer 3

Muscle trauma: crushing injuries, surgery, contact sports
Muscle ischemia: carbon monoxide poisoning, alcohol induced, or after illicit drug use
Muscle infections (myositis): viral, bacterial myopathy due to medications
Seizures/ convulsions
Toxins: snake venom, spider bites

Question 4

Normal value of bilirubin (conjugated)

Answer 4

Up to 0.2 mg/dL

Question 5

Normal value of unconjugated bilirubin

Answer 5

0.8-1.0 mg/dL

Question 6

Normal value of haptoglobin:

Answer 6

83-267 mg/dL

Question 7

Normal value of free hemoglobin:

Answer 7

1.0- 5.0 mg/ dL

Question 8

Ehat is the principal source of bilirubin?

Answer 8

Hemoglobin (85%)

Question 9

Other sources of bilirubin:

Answer 9

Myoglobin
Cytochrome
Hemoglobin

Question 10

Conditions of pre hepatic metabolism of bilirubin

Answer 10

Transfusion reactions
Sickle cell disease
Hereditary spherocytosis
Hemolytic disease of newborn
Thalassemia
Pernicious anemia

Question 11

Hepatic (hepatocellular disorder) conditions

Answer 11

Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Genetic disorders

Question 12

Posthepatic (obstruction) conditions

Answer 12

Gallstones
Tumors (carcinoma)
Fibrosis