Atypical Development Flashcards
Explain the concept of atypical development
Atypical indicates variation or deviation from the norm
Atypical development is seen as a condition rather than a disorder
Atypical development creates challenges as it interferes with one’s psychological, social, and educational life
Distinguish between the medical model’s and the social model’s views on atypical development
Medical model: views impairment as a problem
Social model: views impairment as something society needs to adapt to
How does the medical approach classify atypical development (4)
Attention and communication problems (ADHD and autism)
Externalizing problems (conduct disorder, delinquency, excessive aggression)
Internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, eating disorders)
Various syndromes e.g., Down’s Syndrome
What does ADHD stand for?
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
What is ADHD?
a disorder characterized by a pattern of behavior present in multiple settings, that can result in performance issues in social, educational, or work settings
What are the 2 categories of ADHD?
- Predominantly inattention
- Predominantly hyperactivity and impulsivity
Describe the characteristics of inattention in ADHD (6)
Forgetfulness
Failure to give close attention to detail
Difficulty following instructions and failing to complete tasks
Difficulty sustaining attention during activities
Avoidance of activities that demand sustained mental effort
Often distracted by extraneous stimuli
Describe the characteristics of hyperactivity in ADHD (5)
Fidgeting with hands and feet
Talking excessively
Often on the go
Difficulty playing quietly
Often leaves seat in situations where remaining seated is expected
Describe the characteristics of impulsivity in ADHD (3)
Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed
Often has difficulty awaiting turn
Often interrupts others
Give some statistics regarding ADHD (5)
People with ADHD are statistically underachievers
There is a higher prevalence of ADHD in men
ADHD is often diagnosed in children aged 3-7
Combined subtypes of ADHD are generally considered more prevalent in all-age groups
70% of people with ADHD also have other conditions such as dyslexia, language disorders, autism, and dyspraxia
Describe the neurobiological component of ADHD
Evidence for the association between ADHD and possible structural, functional, physiological, and chemical abnormalities in various regions of the brain have been reported
Describe the environmental component of ADHD (4)
There is considerable evidence of environmental risk factors contributing to the development of ADHD
Risk factors include:
exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and environmental contaminants during pregnancy
low birth weight and prematurity
exposure to psychosocial adversity during childhood
How can ADHD be managed through artificial means? (2)
Stimulants - methylphenidate increases the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain
Atomoxetine - a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
What are non-artificial ways of managing ADHD? (3)
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Personal strengths, family involvement, and resilience
Social support
How can parents help their child with ADHD? (3)
Learning skills to manage and reduce problem behavior
Learning more effective ways to communicate with the child
Learning to understand the child’s emotions and behaviors
