Atypical Development Flashcards
Explain the concept of atypical development
Atypical indicates variation or deviation from the norm
Atypical development is seen as a condition rather than a disorder
Atypical development creates challenges as it interferes with one’s psychological, social, and educational life
Distinguish between the medical model’s and the social model’s views on atypical development
Medical model: views impairment as a problem
Social model: views impairment as something society needs to adapt to
How does the medical approach classify atypical development (4)
Attention and communication problems (ADHD and autism)
Externalizing problems (conduct disorder, delinquency, excessive aggression)
Internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, eating disorders)
Various syndromes e.g., Down’s Syndrome
What does ADHD stand for?
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
What is ADHD?
a disorder characterized by a pattern of behavior present in multiple settings, that can result in performance issues in social, educational, or work settings
What are the 2 categories of ADHD?
- Predominantly inattention
- Predominantly hyperactivity and impulsivity
Describe the characteristics of inattention in ADHD (6)
Forgetfulness
Failure to give close attention to detail
Difficulty following instructions and failing to complete tasks
Difficulty sustaining attention during activities
Avoidance of activities that demand sustained mental effort
Often distracted by extraneous stimuli
Describe the characteristics of hyperactivity in ADHD (5)
Fidgeting with hands and feet
Talking excessively
Often on the go
Difficulty playing quietly
Often leaves seat in situations where remaining seated is expected
Describe the characteristics of impulsivity in ADHD (3)
Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed
Often has difficulty awaiting turn
Often interrupts others
Give some statistics regarding ADHD (5)
People with ADHD are statistically underachievers
There is a higher prevalence of ADHD in men
ADHD is often diagnosed in children aged 3-7
Combined subtypes of ADHD are generally considered more prevalent in all-age groups
70% of people with ADHD also have other conditions such as dyslexia, language disorders, autism, and dyspraxia
Describe the neurobiological component of ADHD
Evidence for the association between ADHD and possible structural, functional, physiological, and chemical abnormalities in various regions of the brain have been reported
Describe the environmental component of ADHD (4)
There is considerable evidence of environmental risk factors contributing to the development of ADHD
Risk factors include:
exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and environmental contaminants during pregnancy
low birth weight and prematurity
exposure to psychosocial adversity during childhood
How can ADHD be managed through artificial means? (2)
Stimulants - methylphenidate increases the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain
Atomoxetine - a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
What are non-artificial ways of managing ADHD? (3)
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Personal strengths, family involvement, and resilience
Social support
How can parents help their child with ADHD? (3)
Learning skills to manage and reduce problem behavior
Learning more effective ways to communicate with the child
Learning to understand the child’s emotions and behaviors
What do ASD and ASC stand for?
Autism spectrum disorder/condition
What is the DSM 5 criteria for autism?
- Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts
- Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
What are 3 reasons that explain why there has been an increase in autism prevalence over time?
Changes in diagnosis
Greater awareness
Increase in parental age
What are other associated conditions that children with autism may have? (8)
Sensory impairment
Gastrointestinal problems
Sleep disturbances
Epilepsy
ADHD
OCD
SAD (Seasonal affective disorder)
Psychosis
What are some neuro-cognitive challenges that people with autism may face? (6)
Lack f mirror neurons
Immunological dysfunctions
Extreme male brain
Limited theory of mind
Weak central coherence
Executive dysfunction
What are some educational interventions used to help children with autism? (5)
Applied behavioral analysis
TEACCH Program
Option approach
Holding therapy
Musical interaction therapy
What are 5 basic principles of the TEACCH method?
Physical structure
Scheduling
Work system
Routine
Visual structure
What does ODD stand for?
Oppositional defiant disorder
What is the criteria for ODD? (2)
Patterns of negative, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior towards parents and other authority figures
Established prior to age 8
What are 2 characteristics of ODD
Seen more often in males
Most have difficult temperaments
What is the criteria for conduct disorder?
Pattern of deviant behavior, including high levels of aggressive, antisocial, or delinquent acts
Give characteristics of children with CHILDHOOD ONSET conduct disorder (2)
Less likely to empathize with others’ feelings
Find support from other aggressive and disturbed children
Give characteristics of adolescents with CHILDHOOD ONSET conduct disorder (4)
Firmly entrenched in delinquent and antisocial behavior
Friends are fellow delinquent teens
Use of drugs and alcohol, truancy, and dropping out of school
Early and risky sexual behavior
Give characteristics of adolescents with ADOLESCENT ONSET conduct disorder (4)
Aggressive and delinquent behaviors beginning in adolescence
Typically milder deviance
More transitory
More a function of hanging out with bad companions
What is delinquency?
International law breaking
What are characteristics of delinquency? (3)
can be serious or persistent
found in teens with lower IQ, especially those who show more violent or serious offenses
found in people who either have low self esteem or unrealistically high self-esteem (narcissism)
Give the definition of resilience
a process of successful adaptation and transformation despite risk and adversity
Why is the resilience perspective a positive approach to child/youth development?
Resilience perspective shifted our ways of thinking about development from the deficit model (why children fail) to the strengths model (why children succeed)
How does inclusive education benefit atypical development? (5)
Quality education for all
Each student is valued equally
Enabling all to belong equally
Enabling meaningful participation by all
Ensuring progress by all
