Attitudes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attitude?

A

A relatively enduring set of beliefs, feelings and intentions toward an object, person, event or symbol (attitude object)

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2
Q

What are the three components of an attitude?

A
  1. Cognitive component: beliefs
  2. Affective component: feelings
  3. Behavioural component: intentions
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3
Q

What did Berkowitz and Knurek’s (1969) study involve and what can it be applied?

A
  • Participants were conditioned to dislike the names Ed or George by pairing them with negative adjectives (US)
  • Participants were friendlier to a confederate with a neutral name compared to a confederate called Ed/George
  • This shows how classical conditioning plays a part in attitude formation
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4
Q

How are attitudes formed?

A
  1. Classical conditioning

2. Mere exposure effect

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5
Q

What did Wicker (1969) find?

A

On average, attitudes predict only 2 - 3% of behaviour

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6
Q

What did the Roper Organisation (1990) report?

A

92% of Americans believe that pollution is a moderate or very serious threat, yet fewer than 50% do anything beyond recycling bottles or cans

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7
Q

What is the principle of aggregation?

A

The effects of our attitudes become more apparent when we look at a person’s behaviour as a whole, compared to isolated behaviours

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8
Q

What can the relation between attitudes and behaviour be described as?

A

Bidirectional

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9
Q

What did Janis and Mann (1965) find in their study when participants either role-played a difficult patient in the experimental condition, or listened to a doctor only in the control group? 🚬

A

Those in the experimental condition had more negative attitudes towards smoking and were more likely to stop smoking

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10
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger)?

A
  • Advocating an attitude different from your private attitude creates dissonance
  • Dissonance between public and private attitude
  • Private attitude is changed to resolve dissonance
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11
Q

What is the self-perception theory (Bem, 1965)?

A

People infer their own attitudes from their behaviour (attributional explanation)

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12
Q

What did Hovland and Weiss (1951) find?

A

People developed a more favourable attitude towards different types of medicine when it appeared in a prestigious medical journal than in a tabloid, showing how the credibility of a source can change attitude

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13
Q

What did Chaiken (1979) find?

A

Physically attractive people are more likely than physically unattractive to persuade others to sign a petition, showing how a message can have more impact at changing attitudes if the source is physically attractive

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