Attention & Selection Learning Flashcards
What is an example of the Intradimensional shift (IDS)?
First task: red circle and blue circles are correct, red diamonds and blue diamonds are incorrect.
Second task: green squares and yellow squares are correct, green triangles and yellow triangles are incorrect.
What is an example of the Extradimensional Shift (EDS)?
First task: red circles and blue circles are correct, red diamonds and blue diamonds are incorrect.
Second task: green squares and green triangles are correct, yellow squares and yellow triangles are incorrect.
What were the results of Anderson, Laurent and Yantis’ (2011) study on the effect of learned value on attention?
Stimuli paired with high reward are more likely to capture attention than stimuli paired with low reward, even when they are irrelevant to participants’ goals.
What were the results of Anderson et al.’s (2013) study on the effect of attention on learning about reward value association with different colours?
Stimuli associated with large monetary reward were generally more likely to capture attention than stimuli that were not associated with large monetary reward.
Additionally, for recovering drug addicts, the effect of reward on attention was magnified compared to healthy controls.
What is the predictiveness principle?
Participants learn new associations quickly for stimuli that are predictive than those that are not predictive.
What are the different theories about attention towards stimuli?
Stimuli are more likely to recieve attention:
1) if its perceptually salient (Folk, Remington & Johnson, 1992).
2) with negative/threatening words (i.e. depression, anxiety) (Macleod, Mathews & Tata, 1986).
3) for positive positive moods and words (Tamir & Robinson, 2007).
How is IDS and EDS different for humans and monkeys?
IDS: Humans require less tries to learn the task.
EDS: Humans require more tries to learn the task.
Monkeys require 50 tries and 200 tries consequitively, needing much more practice than humans.
In what way does the EDS influence the brain according to Owen et. al. (1991, 1992)?
EDS is impaired in patients with frontal lobe damage, elderly people and those with Parkinson’s disease.
What did Rascle et. al (2001) find out about attention during a Latent Inhibition task?
The Pre-exposed group (PE) to the ‘TOG’ and ‘PEC’ task included irrelevant squares. The Non-pre-exposed (NPE) group had the same task without irrelvant squares.
PE were less likely than NPE to ignore irrelevant stimuli (beeps emitted with irrlevant squares). NPE learnt to ignore irrelevant stimuli.
What did Anderson, Laurent & Yantis do in their target training trial?
They used red targets associated with high reward and green targets associated with low reward. Participants were asked to respond quickly if the line inside the target was vertical or horizontal. The quickest responses gave them a reward.
During the test phase, the participants were told to look for shape rather than colour of the target; a red target was placed in the test as a distractor.
High value distractors (red targets) had decreased response time over trials. Responses were fastest when the trial didn’t contain a distractor.
Why do high distractors have a large influence on participant attention?
High value distractors may have an automatic or involuntary effect because they are previously paired with a reward. This demonstrates the prioritizing of stimuli with rewards and the influence of learned value.
What did Hyman (2005) state about attention towards drug-related stimuli?
Drugs of abuse provide neural signal of reward, therefore, peole may learn attentional bias towards drug-related stimuli since they signal a reward.
What the prediction of the Emotional Stroop Task?
Addicts are slow to name the words drugs or ‘dealer’. The effect size of this emotional bias on recovering addicts may predict vulnerability to relapse (Marissen, 2006).
What did Eberl et. al (2013) state about treating drug addict attentional bias?
Drug addicts need to learn to allocate attention in an adaptive way. Using retraining procedures with alochol dependent individuals can reduce the relapse rate by 10% in one year.
Waelti, Dickinson & Schultz (2001) observed dopamine neuron activity in monkeys. Which of these conclusions are false?
Dopamine does not play a key role in learning about rewards.
