Attention - eye tracking Flashcards
What can affect attention?
The Simon Effect - Simon and Rudell 1967
What representations are easier to compute?
Consistent
Which representation invokes a faster response time?
Consistent
What is an automatic process?
A process that is instigated without conscious effort or control. Doesn’t require cognitive resources
What is a controlled process?
A process that is voluntarily undertaken to meet a goal. Requires cognitive resources
What can automatic processes interfere with?
Controlled voluntary processes
What did Schneider and Schiffrin find about controlled processes?
They can become automatic
What is attention necessary for?
Perception
Describe features about attention
Attention acts as a filter
Attention acts as a spotlight
Attention can be cued by exogenous/endogenous stimuli
Inhibition of return facilitates visual search
Attending to multiple features at once requires high cognitive resources
Inconsistent representation tax the attention system
What does the optic nerve do?
Transport electrical signals to the brain for processing
What does the iris do?
It is responsible for adjusting light that comes through the eye so it falls on the retina
What do photoreceptors do?
They are responsible for converting the light into electrical signals to transmit to the brain
What does the retina contain?
Two types of photoreceptors
Describe rods
Low level vision, vision in dim lights, low spatial resolution
Describe cones
High level, vision in higher light levels, high spatial resolution
Describe the fovea
Area of highest visual acuity on the retina, large amount of cones, low amount of rods
Describe central vision
It has high spatial resolution
Describe peripheral vision
Poor spatial resolution
What are historical techniques to study attention?
The earliest eye trackers were built in the 1800s, which used a bite bar as standard
What are the types of modern eye tracker?
Desktop eyetracker, mobile, scanpaths,
Describe desktop eyetrackers
Extreme precision, high temporal precision, high spatial resolutions
Describe mobile eye trackers
High spatial resolution, Works by sending infrared light into the eye, corneal reflection
Describe scanpaths
Fixation - where our eyes have stopped and focused
Describe a saccade - an eye movement, rapid, jerky, we can’t see whilst the eye is in motion
How many fixations do we have per second in our eye?
3-5 fixations
What is the fastest movement the body can make
Saccades
Describe the blink rate
Increases with the use of more cognitive resources
How does pupil dilation increase?
Increases associated with increased cognitive load
What can eye tracking tell us?
- Distribution of attention
- What was noticed
- Indicates what is deemed important
- Order of importance
How does culture shape how we look at faces?
Western cultures focus on eyes and mouths
East asian cultures focus on central area of the face
