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PSYC1031 TERM 2 EXAM > ATTENTION > Flashcards

ATTENTION Flashcards

1
Q

Attention

A

cognitive process of concentrating on one or more things whilst excluding other things

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2
Q

information processing

A

changing of info in any manner detectable by an observer, Process which describes everything that changed in the environment

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3
Q

information channels

A

distinct sources that search for relevant stimulus and scan the world for particular features

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4
Q

orientating response

A

attention drawn to source of sudden change

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5
Q

filtering

A

of extraneous events

-attend to only one of several available distinct sources of info about our environment

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6
Q

orientating reflex

A

we adjust our sensory organs to optimally pick up input from an information source

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7
Q

overt attention

A

act of directing sense organs towards information source

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8
Q

Selective attention

A
  • process one stimuli by ignoring the rest
  • respond discretely to a stimulus
  • ignore irrelevant information
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9
Q

divided attention

A

process two or more stimuli at the same time

-allocate some attention to each

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10
Q

Methods for selective attention-Dichotic listening task

A

-select one of two messaged presented at the same time thought two different information channels (both ears)

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11
Q

Methods for selective attention– shadowing

A

-repeat back aloud one of the messaged as it is played- focus on one stimulus

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12
Q

Cocktail party phenomenon (Cherry, 1953)

A
  • can understand and answer questions about the shadowed passage
  • not bale to do this for the non-attended message
  • physical differences were reported such as changes in pitch, voice intensity and if a tone/ noice was used-once these were removes: semantic content was lost and rarely notices speech that was foreign or reversed.
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13
Q

Theories of Selective Attention-
Early Selection
Filter Model
Broadbent 1958

A
  • limited ability to process information
  • attention has a limited capacity
  • there is a filter which allows or blocks at any early stage of processing
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14
Q 
Theories of Selective Attention-
Early Selection
Filter Model 
Broadbent 1958
Evaluation
A

Does not explain cocktail party

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15
Q

Theories of Selective Attention-
Intermediate Selection
Attenuator Model
Treisman 1964

A
  • same architecture to Broadbent’s
  • filter does not strictly block out unattended
  • some information is tunes down
  • semantic analysis for selected input
  • word units very in thresholds (our name has a low threshold so is easily activated)
  • at an early stage of analysis
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16
Q 
Theories of Selective Attention-
Intermediate Selection
Attenuator Model 
Treisman 1964
Evaluation
A

How do we know if certain stimuli is relevant?

Could repose to other names such as parents’ or partner’s?

17
Q

Theories of Selective Attention-
Late selection
Pertinence Model
Deutsch & Deutsch 1963

A
  • bottleneck is later- all information is initially processed
  • each input is analysed in memory
  • based on pertinence of information
18
Q 
Theories of Selective Attention-
Late selection 
Pertinence Model 
Deutsch & Deutsch 1963
Evaluation
A
  • information non-attended is lost
  • why is it impossible to recall semantic content?
  • possible scanning of unattended message?
  • stored into short term memory and forgotten?
19
Q

Methods for divided attention-dual tasking

-attending to more than one feature of a stimulus

A

cost in performance/accuracy

20
Q

Methods for divided attention-dual tasking

-perform two tasks separately before both simultaneously

A

dual task decrement-deteariation in performance of either

21
Q

Theories of Divided Attention
Central Capacity Theory
Kahneman 1973

A
  • central processor allocated attention
  • attention is a skill
  • performance depends on available capacity
  • parallell processing
  • capacity is not fixed
  • mental effort based on difficulty of practise
  • momentary intentions(particular time)
  • enduring disposition(always important =biological or learnt)
  • enduring usually override
22
Q

Theories of Divided Attention
Central Capacity Theory
Kahneman 1973
Evaluations

A
  • demands effect allocation
  • allocation policy remain unchanged when there is spare capacity left
  • but if demands of several tasks are too high, allocation has to be changed
  • does not explain influence of similarity
  • two tasks will interfere if the available capacity if exceeded
23
Q

Theories of Divided Attention
Central Capacity Interference Theory
Norman &Bobrow 1975

A

-attention is limited in capacity, centrally controlled
-some tasks scan be improved by more resources
complex tasks performance cannot be improved; resource limited tasks
-others cannot be improved because attention is data limited (quality)

24
Q

Theories of Divided Attention
Central Capacity Interference Theory
Norman &Bobrow 1975
Evaluations

A

Cherry (1953)

  • support of data-limited because less resources are required to detect names
  • support of resource limited because there is no spare capacity for speech for the non-shadowed message
25
Q

Theories of Divided Attention
Modules of Attention
Allport 1980,1993

A

attention consists of specialised modules which:

  • deal with different ability or skill
  • has its own resources
  • has a limited capacity
  • similar tasks compete for resources of one module and interfere with each other
  • dissimilar tasks use different modules and do not interfere (parallel processing)
26
Q

Theories of Divided Attention
Multiple Resource Theory
Navan &Gopher 1979

A
  • specialised mental resources
  • performance on one task traded for levels on another
  • input transformed to output
  • transformation slowed if tools aren’t enough
  • alternative tools can help but not as effectively
27
Q

Inattentional Blindness

Simons and Chabris(1999)

A
  • failure to notice unexpected change or event in our environment when we are engaged in an attention demanding task
  • selective or focused attention
  • attention captured and followed by sustained attentional processing
  • failure of conscious awareness
28
Q

Change Blindness

Simons and Levins (1998)

A
  • changes t objects or stimuli central to the meaning of the scene are more readily detected
  • attention focused on important and meaningful objects/ stimuli
  • changes to attended objects/stimuli are unnoticed
  • change detection requires observers to encode the changing features before and after the change

PSYC1031 TERM 2 EXAM (11 decks)

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