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PS2021 - Perception, Attention & Action > attention > Flashcards

attention Flashcards

1
Q

what is the covert paradigm (Posner, 1980)?

A
  • called covert because we don’t move our eyes
  • pp’s get given fixation cross to look at
  • subjects have to detect (or identify) targets that occur at one of two locations
  • must keep eyes still
  • manipulation is the type of cue
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2
Q

covert paradigm (Posner, 1980): exogenous cues?

A
  • attracts attention to itself
  • appear near target
  • do not predict where target will appear (automatic)
  • target will just as likely appear on left as right side
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3
Q

covert paradigm (Posner, 1980): endogenous cues?

A
  • tell the person which square is more likely to have the target
  • people have to willfully move their attention to the location
  • appear at centre and predict where target will appear (willful)
  • effect if lessened when pp is doing another task
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4
Q

covert paradigm (Posner, 1980): result?

A

people faster if target appears in cued location vs slower if appears in non-cued location

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5
Q

what did Nakayama & Mackaben (1989) do in their study?

A
  • experiment looking at how attention comes and goes
  • pp’s had to search for an odd target and report it
  • cued one particular location
  • target location cued just before (from 0 to 500ms) the display
  • display very brief targets (33ms) and then masked
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6
Q

Nakayama & Mackaben (1989): results?

A
  • performance improves as cue to target increases over about 100ms, but then increasing cue to target makes things worse
  • shows effect of exogenous cue “transient”
  • if cue and target come up at the same time, people did badly
  • but if cue before target = performance increases - it’s as if the cue summons attention
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7
Q

what does it mean that attention is flipping from place to place?

A

attention is flipping from place to place so we get the impression that we can see everything clearly but it is only when attention reaches something that we see it clearly

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8
Q

what is the spotlight metaphor?

A
  • don’t have world that is brightly lit - but a spotlight of attention
  • it can point anywhere, but only to 1 location
  • rest of the world is effectively “dark”
  • controller of spotlight: automatic if something interesting leaps out or can be deliberately moved from place to place
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9
Q

how do we move attention?

A

disengage, move and re-engage

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10
Q

PET and fMRI imaging of the brain has confirmed the role of ___ ___ in ___ ____ in control subjects?

A
  • parietal cortex
  • shifting attention
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11
Q

what are the 3 areas involved in attention?

A
  • posterior parietal lobe: DISENGAGE (to move attention we have to disengage, move and re-engage)
  • superior colliculus: MOVE (this bit moves our eyes around)
  • pulvinar: ENHANCE
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12
Q

what is the card trick?

A
  • demonstrates attention is a spotlight
  • focus on one card only
  • then the card changes and it is not the same card you saw at first
  • but all the cards have changed - you don’t know about the other cards though as you only analysed and processed your card in detail
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13
Q

what is change blindness?

A
  • modern day spot the difference
  • 2 pictures presented, one after the other in short flashes
  • if they are presented with no time interval the difference is easy to see
  • with just 0.1s between the difference is hard to see (motion detectors are about 100ms)
  • have to deliberately move attention
  • scenes appear new to the visual system so cannot detect difference
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14
Q

why is change in images hard to see if presented with even the smallest time interval between them?

A
  • when no time gap (or saccade or blink etc) then exogenous attention is captured by the change
  • our change (motion) detectors only work over about 0.1s
  • so have to use endogenous attention
  • the ‘rich and complete’ world we think we see is an illusion - we are actually only aware of the information that we are attending to
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15
Q

what are some examples of change blindness in real life?

A
  • mud splashes presented on an image at the same time
  • blinking
  • cuts in film
  • saccadic eye movements - when you move your eyes you go blind - brain switches off vision system
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16
Q

what did Neisser & Becklen (1975) do in their study: two videos at same time?

A
  • two superimposed videos on top of each other (hand- clapping game and basket ball game)
  • subjects press button whenever hand touch or ball passed
  • could do either task alone - but not both together
  • in 2nd experiment they just looked for hand claps - failed to even notice bizarre events in other video
  • shows that merely looking at something doesn’t ensure attention
17
Q

what did Brawn & Snowden (2000) do in their study: overlapping triangles?

A
  • pp’s presented with two overlapping triangles
  • after a while one circle is flashed - subject has to identify flash (brighter or dimmer)
  • cues either exogenous (lines flash) or endogenous (subject told which one more likely)
  • subject faster (more accurate) on the cued object
  • control where lines removed - difference much reduced
  • attention must be object-based (to some extent) - though space still important
18
Q

what is the ‘pop out’ effect?

A
  • panel full of green dots
  • one is red
  • FEATURE search
19
Q

what is the “stand out” effect?

A
  • panel has dots of lots of different colours that stand out
  • go to each item in turn to see if it is the target
  • like in Where’s Wally
  • CONJUCTION search
20
Q

do we do visual searches unconsciously?

A

YES

21
Q

how do we do visual searches?

A
  • systematically search for things
  • we don’t process the whole image at the same time - we search parts of the image
  • search for things defined by a single feature seem easy and effortless
  • RT does not increase with increasing numbers of things to search as this item seems to ‘pop-out’
  • search for things defined by a conjunction seem hard - RTs increase with items
22
Q

true or false: in a feature search, it does not matter how many items are “targets”, we are just as good as finding them?

A

YES

23
Q

true or false: in a conjunction search, there is a conjunction between the colour and orientation so you need to know both of these things to know it is a target?

A

YES

24
Q

why are RTs longer for conjunction searches?

A
  • more items on screen, longer it takes to find a target
  • go through each item and think is it the right colour and orientation so you will search twice as long in absent trials (e.g., to detect a target is not present) because you have to go through each of them vs present trials where you jut search, on average, half the items
25
Q

what is the feature integration theory - Treisman’s?

A
  • each feature in the image is registered in feature maps (blue things, red things, left-ward moving things, vertical things etc)
  • this is done without any attention (preattentive)
  • to join these features requires attention - attention is the glue (e.g., if we want to know if something is red AND moving to the right we need to pay attention)
  • so can do feature search without attention as no gluing is required, but for conjunction have to move attention from location to location gluing things together
  • there are maps looking at the colour/orientations etc. of the world - “feature maps”
  • if there is a map with only one thing in it, it is easy to detect
26
Q

the feature integration theory only works for what kind of features?

A

low level

27
Q

FIT: Treisman and Souther (1985) - is it easier to search for a lollipop in a field of circles or for a circle in a field of lollipops?

A
  • stimuli = circle (1) and circle with line at bottom (2)
  • according to FIT, yes this is the case
  • the 2 features are represented in different maps
  • in the first case, the line will be the only line in the line map and will therefore be obvious
  • in the second case the ‘target’ will be the back of a line in the line map - the only way to know that such a line is missing, is to glue the circles and line together
28
Q

what are the results for FIT: Treisman and Souther (1985)?

A
  • in the first condition (target has feature), the response time was much faster, regardless of present or absent and number of distractors
  • in the second condition (target lacks feature), the response time was much faster for present targets and if less distractors vs slower if more distractors and target is absent
  • have to map all the lines to all the circles and the more of that you have to do, the longer it will take
29
Q

what are some problems with FIT?

A
  • things that would not normally be regarded as features can also show pop-out
  • there are also claims that “higher order” things such as facial expressions also pop-out
  • conjunction of depth and colour pops-out
  • conjunctions of movement and colour pops-out
  • certain combinations of features also pop-out
30
Q

what did Hansen & Hansen (1988) say to show that there are problems with FIT?

A
  • time to find angry faces in crowd of happy faces is same if there are 4 or 8 faces
  • time to find happy face in angry crowd increases from 4 to 8 faces
  • probably have something unique in our brains that is sensitive to threat
31
Q

what is a Wolfe’s guided search model?

A
  • use a lot of different cues which feed into a salience map
  • searches seem to vary in their difficulty
  • idea here is that you can use some knowledge (i.e. that the target is red) to restrict your search to these items
  • model uses the idea of a ‘salience map’ (a “where to look next” map)
  • red thing among green things sends signal to salience map which moves your attention to the thing that is ‘popping-out’
32
Q

Wolfe’s guided search model: what kind of factors govern the activation of salience map?

A

both low-level and high-level factors govern the activation of this map

33
Q

what does Wolfe’s guided search model allow for?

A

allows for a difference between an item’s salience (how well it captures attention ) and its perceptual representation

34
Q

how is visual search used in eye movements?

A
  • ‘normal’ visual search uses eye movements
  • strong relationship between number of saccades and time taken to search
  • allows us to ‘explore’ how we search but there are two rules:
  • similarity (move eyes to think that are most similar to the target)
  • closeness
35
Q

what is the role of the superior colliculus (SC)?

A
  • has a direct connection from the LGN
  • important in control of eye movements and attention
  • has direct connection so extrastriate cortex
  • has multisensory input
36
Q

what work did Muller et al. (2005) do on the SC?

A
  • stimulation of the SC produces eye movements
  • stimulate a particular cell, the eyes move in a particular way
  • put electrode into SC and found where the eyes moved to
  • stimulated the cell only a little bit
  • now did a pre-cuing paradigm
  • instead of cue stimulated the SC with a sub-threshold pulse that did NOT move the eyes
37
Q

what did Muller et al. (2005) find about the SC?

A
  • targets appearing at the ‘cued’ location (i.e., the place where the eyes would have moved if the pulse had been suprathreshold/simulated for a long time not just a “little bit”) were detected better than other area
  • close link between attention and eye movements
  • attention guided eye movements - eye movements do not guide attention
38
Q

how does visual neglect happen?

A
  • damage to parietal cortex
  • more prevalent when right parietal cortex is damaged vs left
  • both produce neglect though
39
Q

what work did Marshall and Halligan (1995) do on visual neglect?

A
  • patient with a right parietal lesion
  • can identify shapes - global perception must be ok (e.g., the big letter)
  • detect the object fine, but then only cross out one half of it
  • crosses out only right elements - visual stimuli themselves pull attention to the right (exogenous)
  • can draw picture from memory (eyes shut) - but then crosses out only half his own picture
  • only cross out the right of each object - not the right side of space
  • different lesions have different patterns

PS2021 - Perception, Attention & Action (19 decks)

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