attempts to treat and cure illness - chap 3 Flashcards
Medieval era
What were some ingredients in herbal remedies?
honey and a mixture of other plants
Medieval era
Where were herbal treatments written down and what did it contain?
- ‘herbals’
- pictures of ingredients, explenations of the exact
- quantities of each ingredient
- how to mix the potion
- Prayers to say whilst collecting the herbs - increase effectiveness
- Guides as to when to pick the herbs - e.g full moon
Medieval era
What were some other medival remedies?
- Bleeding - restore balance of the 4 humours, done by cupping or leeches
- Urine in diagnosis - physician would look at colour and compare it to a chart, might smell and even taste it to decide what was wrong with the patient
- Zodiac chart - would tell a physician which parts of the body were linked to an astrology sign, and idicate how to cure the patient
Medieval era
What was a barber surgeon?
a medieval tradesman who carried out basic medical procedures like bloodletting, amputations, and tooth extractions, alongside cutting hair
Medieval era
Why would people choose a barber surgeon?
if they couldn’t afford a physician
Medieval era
What was/is the use of leeches?
still use
slowly suck blood in the form of a naturalblood letting
Medieval era
What does the saliva of leech contain and what does it do?
a natural anti-coagulant
anaesthetisis the wound area - reducing the pain
Early Modern
What was the doctrine of signitures?
the idea that if a plant looked like a part of the body it could be used to treat that part
Early Modern
What were some new ingredients introduced in the early modern era and where it’s from?
Rhubarb - ‘wonder drug’, Asia
Tobacco - North America
Early Modern
What did the scientific approach introduce?
- observation
- experiments and recording results
- new studies for mental illness referred to as ‘meloncholy’
- new ingredients for herbal remedies
- some began to live a healthy lifestyle rather than relying on doctors, e.g diet and fresh air
Early Modern
What was the extent of change during early modern?
Alot - important scientific breakthroughs
Indusrtial era
What was sugery like pre-anaesthetics?
painful and dangerous, with alcohol, opium
Indusrtial era
Who discovered nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and when?
Sir Humphry Davy
1799
Indusrtial era
What was the advantages and disadvantages of nitrous oxide?
+made operations easier to peform
-hard to get the right dose
Indusrtial era
Who discovered Chloroform, why and when?
- James Simpson
- discovered chloroform while searching for a more effective anaesthetic than ether
- 1847
Indusrtial era
What was the wider use of Chloroform?
pain relief in surgery and childbirth
Indusrtial era
When did chloroform become widely accepted?
after Queen Victoria used it during the birth of her eighth child - if it was good enough for the queen, it’s good enough for everybody
Indusrtial era
What are the advantantages and disadvantages of anaesthetics?
+by the end of 19th century, operations no longer had to be painful
-didn’t necessarily make operations safer - difficult to get the right dose
Indusrtial era
What was the biggest killer after surgery in the 19th century, what does this mean?
sepsis - an infection caught during or after an operation
poor hygiene in hospitals
Indusrtial era
describe the work and effect of Ignaz Semmelweis?
insisted doctors wash their hands in calcium chloride solution before treating patiens
reduced deathrate on his meternity ward from 35% - less than 1%
Indusrtial era
Who was Joseph Lister and what did he want?
English surgeon
improve the chances of surviving surgery
Indusrtial era
How did the germ theory influence Lister?
used an operation room sterilised with carbolic acid
Indusrtial era
What did Lister experiment on, why?
Frogs
blood flowed slowly - could be observed more clearly
Indusrtial era
How did Lister decrease mortality rate and how much?
surgical instruments were sterilised with carbolic acid
soaked the wound in from time to time in carbolic acid
46% - 15% in only 3 years
Indusrtial era
What name was given to Lister?
‘Father of Antiseptic Surgery’
Indusrtial era
How much changed during the Indusrtial era?
Alot
Antiseptic Surgery - led to attempts to create a germ free enviroment
20th century
Who were significnat figures in the 20th century and what did they do?
Mary Curie - development of radiation
Fleming - discovered penicillin
Florey and Chain - developed and mass produced penicillin
Dr Barnard - peformed world’s first successfull heart transplant
20th century
What was Marie Curie (and her husband) the first to do?
isolate radium and polonium
20th century
Why was Curie’s discovery important?
played a key role in destroying tissue - opened up a way of treating cancer
20th century
What else did Curie do?
played a leading role in developing x-ray units during WW1 - making diagnosis and treatment of soldiers quicker and easier
20th century
How did Curie die?
1934
diseases bought on by excessive exposure to radiation
20th century
Who discovered penicillin, and when?
- Alexander Fleming
- 1928
20th century
What was Fleming motivated by?
experiances in the trenches in WW1
20th century
How did Fleming discover penicillin?
- Accidental Discovery
- he noticed that a mold (Penicillium notatum) had grown on one of the dishes
- The area around the mold was free from bacteria
- suggesting that the mold was releasing a substance that killed the bacteria
- Fleming identified this substance and called it penicillin
20th century
Where and when did Fleming publish his discovery?
- British Journal of Experimental Pathology
- litle attention was paid to his article
- 1929
20th century
Who was Ernst Chain and Howard Florey?
- Austrian Jew who fled to Britian to escape the Nazis
- Australian, working at Oxford
20th century
What did Chain and Florey do?
- 1940
- worked on penicillin
- carried out a series of experiments on mice
- they gave it to 4 infected mice - all survived, another 4 all died
- took 5 months to produce enough penicillin to treat mice
- built up a team
- began to produce it in larger quantities
20th century
Who, when and how did a doctor use penicillin?
Fletcher, 1941
1. On a patient near to death
2. The wound made a spectacular recovery, however…
3. the patient died - they did not have enough but it still worked
20th century
When did mass production of penicillin begin?
In 1944, during World War II
20th century
Why was penicillin important in World War II?
It saved soldiers’ lives by treating infected wounds and diseases like:
* pneumonia
* blood poisoning
20th century
What diseases can penicillin treat?
- Pneumonia
- syphilis
- blood poisoning
- meningitis
- strep throat.
20th century
What were some successful transplant surgeries peformed in the 20th century?
1952 - first kidney transplant
1961 - first British implant heart peacemaker
1967 - world’s first heart transplant
1972 - hip replacements were introduced
20th century
What year was the world’s first heart transplant and who preformed it?
1967
Dr Christian Barnard
20th century
How long did the patient live for?
18 days
20th century
What are the 2 main problems of heart transplant?
availability of replacement organs
rejection
20th century
How many transplants took place in the UK in 2014, what does this say?
118
transplants are now routine
20th century
How much changed during the 20th century?
complete transformation
* Antibiotics
* Medical Technology
* Radiation and Cancer Treatment
