Advances in medical knowledge - chap 4

Question 1

Medieval era

In the Medieval era who influenced medical ideas?

Answer 1

Hippocrates and Galen

Question 2

Medieval period

What was Hippocrates named as?

Answer 2

‘father of modern medicine’

Question 3

Medieval era

What did Galen dissect on and what organ did he think pumped blood around the body?

Answer 3

Animals
Liver

Question 4

Medieval era

Why was Galen accepted by the church - despite not being Christian?

Answer 4

He believed that humans have a soul and in his books he often referred to ‘the Creator’

Question 5

Medieval era

Galen believed in the 4 humours, what were they?

Answer 5

phlegm
blood
yellow bile
black bile

Question 6

Medieval era

How did medieval doctors treat an imbalance of humours in a patient’s body?

Answer 6

They removed excess fluids by bloodletting (using a bowl or leeches) or giving purgatives to induce vomiting.

Question 7

Medieval era

Why did medieval doctors use astrology in medicine?

Answer 7

They believed the movement of the stars affected health.

Question 8

Medieval era

What did the church think made you ill in medieval era?

Answer 8

Punishment of sin

Question 9

Medieval era

What did the church think could prevent and cure illness?

Answer 9

Prayer and repentance
Pilgrimages

Question 10

16th - 17th century

What was significant about the Medical Renaissance?

Answer 10

Shift to the Scientific Method
Reduced Church Influence

Question 11

16th - 17th century

Who was Andreas Vesalius and what did he do?

Answer 11

Father of Modern Anatomy
Human dissections

Question 12

16th - 17th century

What was significant about Vesalius’ dissections?

Answer 12

Detailed, offering a more accurate and detailed understanding of human anatomy.

Question 13

16th - 17th century

What did William Harvey discover?

Answer 13

Circulation of Blood - prepelled from the heart

Question 14

16th - 17th century

Who did Vesalius dissect? - who let him?

Answer 14

Exucuted criminals
Local judge

Question 15

What was Vesalius’ book called and why was it significant?

Answer 15

The Fabric of the Human Body
Gave doctors more detailed knowledge of human anatomy.

Question 16

16th - 17th century

How did William Harvey’s work contradict Galen’s?

Answer 16

Galen believed the heart was pumped via the liver

Question 17

16th - 17th century

Who was Ambroise Paré

Answer 17

Surgeon in the French army

Question 18

16th - 17th century

How did Ambroise Paré change surgical practices?

Answer 18

Paré introduced a new approach by using an ointment made of egg yolk, oil of roses, and turpentine, which healed wounds better than boiling oil.

Question 19

16th - 17th century

What were some obstacles faced by their work (all 3)?

Answer 19

Many doctors refused to accept the new knowledge
Paré was looked down upon because he was only a barber surgeon
Some patients were resistant to new ideas
Harvey - could not see cappillaries and therefore couldn’t prove their existance

Question 20

16th - 17th century

Why was the Medical Renaissance a major turning point in medical knowledge?

Answer 20

Doctors relied on observation and dissection instead of ancient texts
It introduced scientific methods
Improved anatomy

Question 21

19th century

What theory was significant in the 19th century

Answer 21

Germ theory

Question 22

19th century

What did Joseph Lister do?

Answer 22

Made a much more powerful microscope than had previously been before

Question 23

19th century

How did Louis Pasteur use Listers Microscope?

Answer 23

Used Lister’s microscope to discover germs

Question 24

19th century

What did the Germ theory prove and who wrote it?

Answer 24

• germs cause disease rather than bad air and foul smells
• Louis Pasteur

Question 25

# 19th century What was **Robert Koch’s** contribution to medical science?

Answer 25

He applied Pasteur’s Germ Theory to human diseases and founded bacteriology

Question 26

# 19th century Which diseases did Koch identify the bacteria for?

Answer 26

Anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera

Question 27

# 19th century Why was Koch’s work important?

Answer 27

It proved that **specific bacteria cause specific diseases**, leading to better diagnosis, treatment, and vaccines

Question 28

# 19th century Who was **Paul Elrich** and what did he discover?

Answer 28

A student of Koch produced the drug **Salvarsan 606** to treat **syphilis**

Question 29

# 19th century Why was Salvarsan 606 called **"magic bullet"**?

Answer 29

designed to **target specific germs** - **without harm** on the human body

Question 30

# 20th century What were the key discoveries in the 20th century?

Answer 30

* X-rays * CT scan * PET scan * MRI scan * Ultrasound scan

Question 31

# 20th century Why are X-rays significant?

Answer 31

Saved thousands of lives as surgeons were able to operate more **accurately**

Question 32

# 20th century Who discovered X-rays and when?

Answer 32

**Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895**

Question 33

# 20th century What are the **obstacles** of X-rays?

Answer 33

**High dosage of radiation** - damage to skin eyes and cancer

Question 34

# 20th century Describe **Ultrasound scan**

Answer 34

Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create 3D images of internal organs and muscles, avoiding radiation. Since the 1970s, it has also been used to monitor fetal development during pregnancy.

Question 35

# 20th century Describe **MRI scan**

Answer 35

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues, helping detect diseases like tumors and other abnormalities.

Question 36

# 20th century Describe **PET scan**

Answer 36

uses a radioactive dye injected into the vein highlights organs and tissues as they absorb the tracers - helping doctors detect conditions like cancer and heart disease

Question 37

# 20th century Describe **CT scan**

Answer 37

combines multiple X-ray images with computer processing to create cross-sectional images of internal organs and structures.

Question 38

# 20th century What was significant about The **development of scanning techniques in the 20th century**

Answer 38

* Non-invasive methods * Early detection of conditions * Allowed for more accurate surgeries

Question 39

# 20th century How did **Rosalind Franklin** and **Maurice Wilkins** study DNA

Answer 39

X-rays

Question 40

# 20th century How did Watson and Crick contribute to the **understanding of DNA?**

Answer 40

Used **Franklin’s** X-ray image to determine the 3D structure of DNA Identifying it as a **double helix**

Question 41

# 20th century What did Watson and Crick’s model of DNA explain?

Answer 41

How DNA replicates itself and how it carries genetic information that controls; * growth * development * function * reproduction.

Question 42

# 20th century What were the aims of the **Human Genome Project?**

Answer 42

* work out the sequence of all 3 billion base pairs in the human genome * identify all human genes * developing faster methods for sequencing DNA

Question 43

# 20th century When did the **Human Genome Project** start and end?

Answer 43

**1990 - 2003** completed the task of building up a complete genetic blue print of humans