Advances in medical knowledge - chap 4 Flashcards
Medieval era
In the Medieval era who influenced medical ideas?
Hippocrates and Galen
Medieval period
What was Hippocrates named as?
‘father of modern medicine’
Medieval era
What did Galen dissect on and what organ did he think pumped blood around the body?
Animals
Liver
Medieval era
Why was Galen accepted by the church - despite not being Christian?
He believed that humans have a soul and in his books he often referred to ‘the Creator’
Medieval era
Galen believed in the 4 humours, what were they?
phlegm
blood
yellow bile
black bile
Medieval era
How did medieval doctors treat an imbalance of humours in a patient’s body?
They removed excess fluids by bloodletting (using a bowl or leeches) or giving purgatives to induce vomiting.
Medieval era
Why did medieval doctors use astrology in medicine?
They believed the movement of the stars affected health.
Medieval era
What did the church think made you ill in medieval era?
Punishment of sin
Medieval era
What did the church think could prevent and cure illness?
Prayer and repentance
Pilgrimages
16th - 17th century
What was significant about the Medical Renaissance?
Shift to the Scientific Method
Reduced Church Influence
16th - 17th century
Who was Andreas Vesalius and what did he do?
Father of Modern Anatomy
Human dissections
16th - 17th century
What was significant about Vesalius’ dissections?
Detailed, offering a more accurate and detailed understanding of human anatomy.
16th - 17th century
What did William Harvey discover?
Circulation of Blood - prepelled from the heart
16th - 17th century
Who did Vesalius dissect? - who let him?
Exucuted criminals
Local judge
What was Vesalius’ book called and why was it significant?
The Fabric of the Human Body
Gave doctors more detailed knowledge of human anatomy.
16th - 17th century
How did William Harvey’s work contradict Galen’s?
Galen believed the heart was pumped via the liver
16th - 17th century
Who was Ambroise Paré
Surgeon in the French army
16th - 17th century
How did Ambroise Paré change surgical practices?
Paré introduced a new approach by using an ointment made of egg yolk, oil of roses, and turpentine, which healed wounds better than boiling oil.
16th - 17th century
What were some obstacles faced by their work (all 3)?
Many doctors refused to accept the new knowledge
Paré was looked down upon because he was only a barber surgeon
Some patients were resistant to new ideas
Harvey - could not see cappillaries and therefore couldn’t prove their existance
16th - 17th century
Why was the Medical Renaissance a major turning point in medical knowledge?
Doctors relied on observation and dissection instead of ancient texts
It introduced scientific methods
Improved anatomy
19th century
What theory was significant in the 19th century
Germ theory
19th century
What did Joseph Lister do?
Made a much more powerful microscope than had previously been before
19th century
How did Louis Pasteur use Listers Microscope?
Used Lister’s microscope to discover germs
19th century
What did the Germ theory prove and who wrote it?
- germs cause disease rather than bad air and foul smells
- Louis Pasteur
19th century
What was Robert Koch’s contribution to medical science?
He applied Pasteur’s Germ Theory to human diseases and founded bacteriology
19th century
Which diseases did Koch identify the bacteria for?
Anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera
19th century
Why was Koch’s work important?
It proved that specific bacteria cause specific diseases, leading to better diagnosis, treatment, and vaccines
19th century
Who was Paul Elrich and what did he discover?
A student of Koch
produced the drug Salvarsan 606 to treat syphilis
19th century
Why was Salvarsan 606 called “magic bullet”?
designed to target specific germs - without harm on the human body
20th century
What were the key discoveries in the 20th century?
- X-rays
- CT scan
- PET scan
- MRI scan
- Ultrasound scan
20th century
Why are X-rays significant?
Saved thousands of lives as surgeons were able to operate more accurately
20th century
Who discovered X-rays and when?
Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895
20th century
What are the obstacles of X-rays?
High dosage of radiation - damage to skin eyes and cancer
20th century
Describe Ultrasound scan
Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create 3D images of internal organs and muscles, avoiding radiation. Since the 1970s, it has also been used to monitor fetal development during pregnancy.
20th century
Describe MRI scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues, helping detect diseases like tumors and other abnormalities.
20th century
Describe PET scan
uses a radioactive dye injected into the vein
highlights organs and tissues as they absorb the tracers - helping doctors detect conditions like cancer and heart disease
20th century
Describe CT scan
combines multiple X-ray images with computer processing to create cross-sectional images of internal organs and structures.
20th century
What was significant about The development of scanning techniques in the 20th century
- Non-invasive methods
- Early detection of conditions
- Allowed for more accurate surgeries
20th century
How did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins study DNA
X-rays
20th century
How did Watson and Crick contribute to the understanding of DNA?
Used Franklin’s X-ray image to determine the 3D structure of DNA
Identifying it as a double helix
20th century
What did Watson and Crick’s model of DNA explain?
How DNA replicates itself and how it carries genetic information that controls;
* growth
* development
* function
* reproduction.
20th century
What were the aims of the Human Genome Project?
- work out the sequence of all 3 billion base pairs in the human genome
- identify all human genes
- developing faster methods for sequencing DNA
20th century
When did the Human Genome Project start and end?
1990 - 2003
completed the task of building up a complete genetic blue print of humans
