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A-level Psychology > Attachments > Flashcards

Attachments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is reciprocity in attachments?

A

The interaction between infants and their mothers when each person responds to the other and elicits a response from them

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2
Q

What is a babies alert phase?

A

A period of time where a baby is able to signal when they are ready for interaction

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3
Q

What is active involvement?

A

When both caregiver and baby can initiate interactions and they appear to take turns in doing so. Can also be described as a dance

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4
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

the temporal coordination of micro level social behaviour and takes place when a caregiver and baby interact in such a way that their actions and emotions mirror each other

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5
Q

Which two psychologists investigated synchrony?

A

Meltzoff and Moore

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6
Q

How did Meltzoff and Moore research interactional synchrony?

A

They observed interactional synchrony in babies as young as 2 weeks old by the adult displayed one of three facial expressions and the babies reaction was observed.

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7
Q

What are some strengths of Meltzoff and Moore’s experiments?

A

Babies don’t know that they are being observed, has high validity and characteristics can be controlled

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8
Q

What are some weaknesses of Meltzoff and Moore’s experiments?

A

It can be difficult to interpret a babies behavior and it does not show an developmental importance

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9
Q

What is the first stage of attachment? (Schaffer and Emerson)

A

Asocial stage (In a babies first few weeks they do not show any specific attachment to a particular person)

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10
Q

What is the second stage of attachment? (Schaffer and Emerson)

A

Indiscriminate attachment (2 - 7 months babies start to show clear preference for being with certain people but they do not have any seperation anxiety)

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11
Q

What is the third stage of attachment? (Schaffer and Emerson)

A

Specific attachment (babies 7 months + start to show a specific attachment to a particular person and also experience seperation anxiety when the figure is absent)

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12
Q

What is the fourth stage of attachment? (Schaffer and Emerson)

A

Multiple attachments (Babies start to to show attachment to multiple people not just one and these are called secondary attachments)

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13
Q

How did Schaffer and Emerson research babies attachment and behavior?

A

They got 60 babies from working class families and visited their homes every month for their first year and then again at 18 months. They asked the mother questions about what kind of protest their babies made when they were seperated. The four stages were then indentified.

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14
Q

What are some strengths to Schaffer and Emerson’s research?

A

Good external validity

Real world application

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15
Q

What are some weaknesses to Schaffer and Emerson’s research?

A

Mothers asked to be observers

Poor evidence for asocial stage

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16
Q

What did Klaus Grossmann et al (2002) conclude about the role of the father?

A

Fathers have a different role to mothers that is more to do with play and stimulation rather than emotional development.

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17
Q

What is some conflicting evidence to Grossmann et al research (2002)?

A

If a father role was only for play and stimulation then this suggests that children without a father or that have two mothers would be expected to behave differently but this is not true.

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18
Q

What are some examples of caregiver - infant interactions

A 
Bodily contact
Mimicking 
Cargiverese
Interactional synchrony
Reciprocity
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19
Q

What did Condon and Sander research (1974)?

A

They noted how babies would coordinate their actions in time with adult speech taking it in turns to contribute to the ‘conversation’.
They used frame by frame analysis of films of babies movements to sound recordings of adult conversation.
Babies would move in time with the conversation engaging in subtle turn taking

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20
Q

What did Murray and Travarthen research (1985)?

A

They deliberately interfered with this interactional turn taking by getting mothers to appear frozen faced
Babies showed distress and turns away as the mother wasn’t acting ‘normally’

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21
Q

What did Lorenz study in 1935?

A
  • studied imprinting by splitting a large clutch of goose eggs into two different batches.
  • One group was hatched naturally with their mother and the other half were raised in an incubator with lorenz as ‘mother’
  • Naturally hatched birds followed their mother and other birds followed lorenz
  • imprinting is a form of attachment
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22
Q

What is some evaluation for Lorenz’s study?

A
  • supports the concept of imprinting
  • not generalisable to humans
  • Supports view that animals are born with an innate mechanism to imprint on a moving object.
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23
Q

What did Harlow research in 1958?

A

Researched why newborn monkeys that were kept alone in a cage died and ones with someting for comfort survived.

24
Q

How did Harlow research the rhesus monkeys?

A

Had two groups of monkeys and gave one a wire mother and the others a cloth mother.

25
Q

What is a critical period?

A

A period during somethings development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired

26
Q

What is a sensitive period?

A

A time or stage in a persons development when they are more responsive to certain stimuli and quicker to learn particular skills

27
Q

What does the learning theory of attachments suggest?

A

Attachments are innate and adaptive.
Attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its survival and reproductive value
Children have an innate drive to become attached to a caregiver because of the long term benefits

28
Q

What did Dollard and Miller suggest (1950)?

A

Hungry infants feel uncomfortable which creates a drive to find food.
Being fed reduces discomfort and creates pleasure
Food becomes the primary reinforcer
Person who feeds the infant becomes secondary reinforcer

29
Q

What is Bowlby’s monotrophic theory?

A

He proposed that attachment is an innate system that drives survival
Placed emphasis on attachment to one particular person
Introduced law of continuity which is where a child wants things to remain constant and is attached to their primary caregiver

30
Q

What is the law of accumulated seperation?

A

The affects of seperation within infants add up so it is best not to leave the child alone

31
Q

What are social releasers?

A

Bowlby suggests that children are born with a set of ‘cute’ behaviours to encourage attention from adults

32
Q

What is Bowlby’s internal working model?

A

Bowlby proposed that a child forms what a good relationship looks like based on the attachment they have with their primary attachment figure.
Eg. A child whose relationship with their PAF is good will go on to have good relationships as an adult. Also affects the child’s ability to parent their own children in the future

33
Q

What are some evaluation points for Bowlby’s internal working model?

A
  • lacks validity
  • there is lots of evidence for social releasers
  • lots of support for internal working model (families are generally the same and have the same types of relationships)
34
Q

What was the procedure Bowlby’s 44 thieves experiment?

A
  • examined the link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprevation
  • 44 criminal teenagers and their parents were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy
  • Groups were compared to control group of non criminal but emotionally disturbed
35
Q

What were the findings of Bowlby’s 44 thieves experiment?

A
  • 14 of thieves could be described as affectionless and 12 of these had experienced maternal seperation
  • Bowlby concluded that prolonged seperation from mother can cause affectionless psychopathy
36
Q

What are some evaluation points of Bowlby’s 44 thieves experiment?

A
  • research was retrospective
  • Doesn’t show cause and effect
  • Sample was biased
  • ‘affectionless psychopath’ was Bowlby’s term
  • Natural experiment (groups were not manipulated)
37
Q

What is the maternal deprevation hypothesis?

A
  • Bowlby concluded that maternal seperation can cause affectionless psychopathy
  • Proven to not be as severe as Bowlby thought so women returned to work earlier than used to
  • Nurseries and daycare can operate without damaging children although they are better when the child is over 6 months
38
Q

What is deprevation?

A

A broken attachment which can be temporary of permanent

39
Q

What is privation?

A

When no attachment is formed

40
Q

What is institusionalisation?

A

The effects of living in an institutional setting. Refers to a hospital or orphanage setting where children live for long periods of time. This also has an impact of their further development

41
Q

What did Rutter et al (2011) study?

A
  • 165 Romanian children who were previously held in institutions
  • control group of British children who had not been held in institutions
  • The children were tested at ages 4,6,11,15
  • Romanian children were behind the British in all areas and children who were adopted after 2 years old never caught up.
42
Q

What are some evaluation points for Rutter?

A
  • cannot draw a firm conclusion about the effects of institutionalisation
  • Extraneous variables
  • More valid than previous studies
  • Not generalisable as romanian orphans were kept in very poor conditions
  • Cultural differences
  • real life applications
  • Reliable
  • Not investigated into adulthood
43
Q

What did Mary Ainsworth aim to investigate?

A

Strange situation 1971

- Aimed to assess the quality of an attachment between mother and baby (9-18 months)

44
Q

What was Mary Ainsworth’s procedure?

A

8 stages of 3 minute intervals of mother present and then absent and a stranger present and then absent.

45
Q

What were the three types of attachment behaviour that Ainsworth said babies fall into?

A

Secure (70%)
insecure - resistant (10%)
insecure - avoidant (20%)

46
Q

What did Ainsworth conclude from her experiment?

A

A mothers sensitivity is the crucial factor that determines the quality of an attachment. Sensitive mothers can see things from the babies perspective.

47
Q

What are some evaluation points of Ainsworth’s strange situation?

A
  • Observational techniques
  • not generalisable to all babies
  • Biased to western cultures
  • Highly controlled
  • Ecological validity
  • Replicable (standerdised procedure)
  • Ethics (cause distress to babies)
  • Real life application
  • No evidence of long term harm for babies
  • Good internal validity (highly controlled) but is it measuring attachment or neuroticism
48
Q

What is the competence hypothesis?

A

secure attachment allows development of social competence

49
Q

What did Rothbaum do in 2007?

A
  • pilot study to ensure something is culturally fair
  • interviewed 14 american mothers and 14 japanese mothers
  • All mothers agreed that maternal responsiveness leads to a secure attachment which leads to desirable behaviour
  • But Japanese mothers said that desirable behaviour is co-operation and social harmony but american mothers says it is security and independence
50
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

Only having the perspective of your own culture (a form of bias)

51
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis?

A

suggests the simple principle that early experiences affect childhood and adult relationships

52
Q

What did Youngblade and Belsky (1992) study/find?

A
  • studied 3-5 year olds
  • found that those who have a secure attachment history are more competent, curious, empathetic, resilient and self-confident
  • they get on better with other children and were more likely to form close friendships
53
Q

What did Myron-Wilson and Smith (1998) find/study?

A
  • found links between attachment type and bullying
  • used a questionnaire with 196 children aged 7-11 in South London
  • secure attached infants were less likely to be involved in bullying as a child and are able to form close relationships with peers, feel empathy and were supportive of others
  • avoidant children - more likely to keep distance from others, more likely to be the victim of bullying
  • resistant children - more likely to be controlling and seek arguments, more likely to bully
54
Q

Evaluation of Myron-Wilson and Smith study?

A 
strengths:
- reliable, standardised procedure, can be replicated
- has 'face validity' (makes sense)
weaknesses:
- does not show cause and effect
- self-report - retrospective
- social desirability bias
Zimmerman found no link between childhood attachment type and adolescent relationship with parent
55
Q

What did Hazan and Shaver study/find?

A
  • conducted a love quiz - printed in a newspaper and analysed the first 620 replies
  • ppts aged between 14-82
  • quiz assessed attachment type and current beliefs about romantic love
  • found a correlation between type of attachment and later views on romantic love
  • provides support for the IWM - early attachments do influence adult relationships
  • 56% classified themselves as secure, 25% as avoidant snd 19% as resistant
56
Q

Evaluation of Hazan and Shaver love quiz?

A
  • self report method - social desirability
  • retrospective data
  • biased sample - volunteers in USA
  • correlation cannot establish cause and effect
  • biological temperament may be the cause
  • deterministic

A-level Psychology (7 decks)

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