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A-level Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Who came up with the 4 principles?

A

Wundt

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2
Q

What are the 4 key principles?

A

1- The participant must know when the stimulus will be presented
2- They must be in a state of ‘strained attention’
3- The process must be able to be repeated several time
4- The stimuli must be such that is strength and quality can be varied

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3
Q

What were the 4 principles used for?

A

Used for the method of introspection to make the process more scientific

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4
Q

What is introspection?

A

Involves participants reflecting on their own feelings, emotions, sensations and mental state.

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5
Q

Strengths of Introspection?

A
  • Wundts methods are still used today (even if they are adapted)
  • Opened the path for the emergence of cognitive approach
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6
Q

Weaknesses of introspection?

A

-It is criticised as introspection focuses on the study of non observational behavoiurs.

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7
Q

What are the key assumptions of the behaviorist approach?

A
  • Nearly all behaviours are learnt
  • Animals and humans learn in the same way
  • The mind is irrelevant to science because it does not provide measurable data (studies behvaivour that can be observed and measured)
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8
Q

Strengths of behaviorism?

A
  • Gave psychology scientific crediblity (controlled lab settings/measurable data)
  • The law of learning developed by behaviorists have real life application
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9
Q

Weaknesses of behaviorism?

A
  • Portrays a mechanistic view (robot like)
  • Environmental determinism
  • Animals research has ethical issues
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10
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Where learning is taught by association

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11
Q

What was Pavlovs study into classical conditiong?

A
  • When studying how dogs salivation helps them digest food, Pavlov noticed that the dogs would salivate even before they had received any food.
  • Pavlov soon realised the dogs had associated the food with another stimulus.
He conducted an experiment to test his 
Before conditiong
UCS = food
UCR = salvation 
NS = bell 
NCR = no salvation

After conditiong
CS = bell
CR = salvation

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12
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Where behaviour is learnt through its consequnces
Behaviour is reinforced = reward given (something added) punishment removed (something taken away)
Behaviour is avoided = punishment is given (something added) reward removed (something taken away)

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13
Q

What was Skinners study into operant conditioning?

A
  • Skinner created a box with a lever, food dispenser and electrified floor to test rats’ capacity to learn behaviour.
  • When the rats pressed the correct lever food acted as a positive stimulus
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14
Q

Strengths of pavlov and skinner?

A
  • First experiments to produce observable data

- Useful when understanding behaviours

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15
Q

Weaknesses of pavlov and skinner?

A
  • Difficult to generalise to humans

- Some species learn faster than others

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16
Q

What are the key assumptions of Social Learning Theory?

A
  • Behaviour is learnt from the environemt

- Behaviour is learned from observing others and the reinforcement or punishment they receive.

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17
Q

What is vicarious reinforcment?

A

-The reinforcement the observer sees the model receiving

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18
Q

Why is SLT described as a bridge between behavourist and cognitive approach?

A

-Because it focuses on how mental (cognitive) factors are involved in learning

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19
Q

What process did bandura identify?

A

4 mediational processes

  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Reproduction
  • Motivation
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20
Q

What is meant by attention?

A

The extent to which we notice certain behaviours

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21
Q

What is meant by retention?

A

How well a behvaiour is remembered

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22
Q

What is meant by reproduction?

A

The ablity of the observer to perform the behvaiour

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23
Q

What is meant by motivation?

A

The will to preform the behvaiour

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24
Q

What is identification?

A
  • People can be more influenced by someone because they similar in a way or wish to be like them
  • gender
  • ethnicity
  • higher status
  • greater experience
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25
Q

What was bandura’s bobo doll experiment?

A

Study A - recorded the behaviour of young children who watched an adult behave in a aggressive way towards a bobo doll.When these children were later observed with various toys,they behaved much more agressivley towards the doll.

Study B - With Walter’s they showed video’s to children where an adult behaved agressive to the bobo doll.One group of children saw the adult praised for their actions.A second group saw the adult being punished for their aggression towards the doll by being told off.The third group (control) saw the aggression without any consequence.When given their own doll the first group showed much more aggression followed by the third then second group.

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26
Q

What were Bandura’s findings?

A
  • Children learned aggression through imitation of aggressive models
  • Showed that learning can occur through observation alone.
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27
Q

Strengths of SLT?

A
  • Recognises the importance of cognitive factors in learning

- Real world application (cultral differences)

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28
Q

Weaknesses of SLT?

A
  • underestimates influence of biology

- used lab studies (demand characteristics)

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29
Q

What are the key assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A
  • Thought processes can be studied scientifically

- Mind works like a computer (input/output)

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30
Q

What is a schema?

A
  • A schema is a mental structure which represents an aspect of the world
  • Babies are born with simple schemas like grasping but as we grow they become more sophisticated.
  • They are unique to an individual and develop based on your experience.
  • They tell us how to behave in certain situations.
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31
Q

What is the issues with schemas?

A

Can produce stereyotype

32
Q

Why is the brain described as a computer in the cognitive approach?

A 
In the cognitive approach information is inputed processed and outputed
computer - human
hardwear - brain
RAM - mind 
microphone - ears 
speales - language 
keyboard/mouse - sense
33
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

The study of the influence of brain structures and neurons on the mental processes

34
Q

Why is cognitive neuroscience so important?

A

Because of advances with technology and techniques such as fMRI and PET scans sceintists have been able to observe and and describe the neurological basis of the mental porcess.

35
Q

Strengths of cognitive approach?

A
  • Used lab studies for research (controlled)
  • Real life application (depression/eye witness testimoney)
  • Brought neuroscience to light
36
Q

Weaknesses of Cognitive approach?

A
  • low external validity (task may not effect normal mental process)
  • machine reductionism (computer idea is to simple ignores emotion)
37
Q

What are the key assumptions of the Biological approach?

A
  • What is pschological is at first biological

- All behvaiuours,thoughts and feelings have a biological origin

38
Q

What are the biological causes of behvaiour?

A

Genes,The brain, Nerves and Evolution

39
Q

What types of Methods are used within the biological approach?

A
  • Animal studies
  • Lab studies
  • Brain scans
  • Twin studies
40
Q

An imbalance if neurotransmitters could cause what?

A

Mental disorders

41
Q

What does Concordance mean?

A

similarity/consistency

42
Q

How can twin studies be used in the biological approach?

A

-Biological psychologists often use twin studies as a method of studying the influence of genes on behaviour.
-They study concordance rates - to the extent to which the twins share the same characteristics
MZ - identical 100%v genetic material shared
DZ - non identical 50% geentic material shared

43
Q

What is evolution?

A

Evolution is when the genetic makeup of a particular population changes over sucessive generations

44
Q

What is the natural selection theory produced by Darwin?

A

Any genetically determined behaviour that enhances a individuals survival will continue in further generations.

45
Q

What are some evolved behaviours?

A
  • Aggression

- Social releasers (cute features/behaviours)

46
Q

Strengths of the biological approach?

A
  • Real world application (biochemical is associated with the development of psychoactive drugs)
  • Scientific methods (MRIs and EEGs)
  • Controlled
47
Q

Weaknesses of biological approach?

A
  • Assumption that drugs fix everyone

- Deterministic (sees human behaviour as governed by interal gentically determined factors- does not look at free will)

48
Q

What are the key assumptions in the Psychodynamic approach?

A
  • We are animals, driven by basic biological motives.
  • Unconscious mind
  • Drives (instincts)
  • Early Childhood Experiences
49
Q

What is the Unconscious mind/why is it there (freud)?

A
  • Freud suggested that most behaviours come from the Unconscious mind
  • Most of our thoughts, feelings and memories may threaten us and are therefore locked away in our Unconscious mind
50
Q

What is the Unconscious mind/why is it there (freud)?

A
  • Freud suggested that most behaviours come from the Unconscious mind
  • Most of our thoughts, feelings and memories may threaten us and are therefore locked away in our Unconscious mind
51
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A
  • Unconsicous methods ego uses to distract reality

- protects from anxeity

52
Q

What are the 3 parts of psyche (personality)?

A
  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
53
Q

What is the Id?

A
  • Primitive
  • Operates on the pleasure principle (gets what it wants)
  • Born with it
  • Demands immediate satisfaction
54
Q

What is the ego?

A
  • Reality principle
  • Keeps thoughts and action in step with the real world
  • Formed around age of 2
55
Q

What is the superego?

A
  • Morality principle (moral standards)
  • Regulates thoughts/actions
  • Forms at the age of 5/6
56
Q

What does a healthy psyche look like?

A

Ego being in charge

57
Q

What does a neurotic psyche look like?

A

superego in charge

58
Q

What does a psychotic psyche look like?

A

Id in charge

59
Q

What does a psychopathic pysche look like?

A

Id present but no superego

60
Q

What were freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

0-1 - oral (pleasure of mouth)
1-3 - anal (pleasure of anus/witholding and expelling faces)
3-5 - phallic (pleasure of genital)
5-puberty - latency (earlier conflicts are repressed)
puberty - death - genital (sexual desire)

61
Q

What would be the consequences of unresolved oral fixation?

A
  • Smoking
  • Biting nails
  • Sarcastic
62
Q

What would be the consequences of unresolved anal fixation?

A

Anal retentive

  • perfection
  • obssesive

Anal expulsive

  • thoughtless
  • messy
63
Q

What would be the consequences of unresolved phallic fixation?

A
  • reckless

- narcissistic

64
Q

What would be the consequences of unresolved genital fixation?

A

-difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

65
Q

What is meant by he oedipus conflict?

A
  • Young boys fantisie/develop sexual desires for there mothers
  • The young boy wants to rid the father because he figures if the farther finds out he will take away what the boy loves
  • The young boy tries to resolve this by imitating the masculine dad type
  • This is called identification
66
Q

What is the little hans study?

A
  • A 5 year old boy has a phobia of horses
  • The aim was to treat the phobia
  • The boy showed an intrest in penis’s
  • The mother threatend to cut off his penis unless he stopped playing with it
  • The boys fear of horses got worse
  • Freud linked this to the fear of horse’s large penis’s
  • His phobia improved over time apart from horses with black harnesses over their nose
  • This was linked to a father mastache (oedipus conflict)
67
Q

Strengths of the Psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Ground breaking theory of development of human behaviour
  • Real life application (new form of therapay - psychotherapy)
  • First theory to focus on children/childhood experience
68
Q

Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Untestable theory
  • deterministc (no free will as all behaviour is driven by the unconcious)
  • Threapy does not work for all conditions (eg schizophrenia)
69
Q

What are the key assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A
  • self deterministic

- everyone has free will

70
Q

What did Maslow (1943) do that supports humanistic approach?

A

-He devised a theory for motivation to show how human needs are prioritized and categorized (the pyrmaid)

Self actualization (achieving ones full potential) - self fulfillment needs 
Esteem needs (prestiage and feeling of accomplishment) - pschlogical needs 
Belongingess/love needs (intimate relationship/friends) - pschlogical needs 
Safety needs (security/safe) - basic needs 
Physiological needs  (food,water,warmth,rest) - basic neeeds
71
Q

What is self actualisation?

A
  • Maslow suggested that once all previous needs of the hierarchy have been met a person may become self actualised
  • These people are highly self aware, and fully accepting of themselves (congruent)
72
Q

What does congruent mean?

A

Self image and ideal self are similar/the same

73
Q

What does incongruent mean?

A

Self image is different to ideal self -self actulisation wont occur

74
Q

What did rogers do in regards to the humanistic approach?

A
  • He develop ‘cilent centred threapy’
  • This was to help people cope with everyday living problems
  • He believed that many issues we face today (low self esstem/wothlessness) stem from our childhood
  • Rogers saw one of his roles in his threapy to be an effective threapist and give unconditional postive regard
75
Q

Strengths of the Humanistic approach?

A
  • Anti reductionst (includes free will)

- Optimistic approach (positive image of the human)

76
Q

Weaknesses of the Humanistic approach?

A
  • Cultral bias (individualism is different in all countries)

- Limited approach (limited real life application)

A-level Psychology (7 decks)

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