Attachment Knowledge

Question 1

What is proximity seeking in attachment behavior?

Answer 1

People try to stay physically close to those whom they are attached.

Question 2

Define separation distress in the context of attachment.

Answer 2

People are upset when an attachment figure leaves their presence.

Question 3

What is secure-base behavior in infants?

Answer 3

Infants tend to make regular contact with caregivers despite being independent.

Question 4

How does attachment develop between infants and caregivers?

Answer 4

Through interactions involving communication, reciprocity, and interactional synchrony.

Question 5

What is reciprocity in caregiver-infant interaction?

Answer 5

A form of interaction involving mutual responsiveness where both respond to each other’s signals.

Question 6

What study investigated reciprocity between infants and caregivers?

Answer 6

Condon and Sander (1974)

Question 7

What were the findings of Condon and Sander’s study?

Answer 7

Infants coordinated their actions in time to the rhythm of adults’ speech.

Question 8

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 8

When an infant mirrors the actions and emotions of their caregiver in a coordinated way.

Question 9

Which study investigated interactional synchrony in infants?

Answer 9

Meltzoff and Moore (1997)

Question 10

What did Meltzoff and Moore find regarding interactional synchrony?

Answer 10

Infants could imitate facial expressions and gestures displayed by adults.

Question 11

What does high levels of synchrony indicate in mother-infant relationships?

Answer 11

Better quality mother-infant attachment.

Question 12

What is the aim of Schaffer and Emerson’s research?

Answer 12

To investigate the formation of early attachments and the age at which they develop.

Question 13

What method did Schaffer and Emerson use in their study?

Answer 13

Longitudinal study with naturalistic observations and structured interviews.

Question 14

At what age do about 50% of babies show signs of separation anxiety?

Answer 14

Between 25 and 32 weeks of age.

Question 15

What is the primary attachment figure?

Answer 15

The adult to whom a child forms a specific attachment, typically the biological mother.

Question 16

What are the four stages of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson?

Answer 16

• Asocial Stage (0-6 weeks)
• Indiscriminate Attachment (6 weeks - 6 months)
• Specific Attachment (7 months +)
• Multiple Attachments (11 months +)

Question 17

What characterizes the Asocial Stage of attachment?

Answer 17

The baby recognizes and forms bonds with caregivers, showing some preference for familiar adults.

Question 18

During which stage do babies display more observable social behavior?

Answer 18

Indiscriminate Attachment (6 weeks - 6 months)

Question 19

What behaviors indicate Specific Attachment in infants?

Answer 19

Display of stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.

Question 20

What percentage of children had secondary attachments within one month of forming a specific attachment?

Answer 20

29%

Question 21

How has the traditional view of fathers in attachment research changed?

Answer 21

Fathers are now recognized as important attachment figures, not just playmates.

Question 22

What was the aim of Grossman’s study on attachment?

Answer 22

To investigate the difference between mothers’ and fathers’ quality of attachment to their children.

Question 23

What did Grossman’s findings suggest about fathers’ roles?

Answer 23

Fathers’ play is related to the quality of adolescent attachments, indicating a different role in attachment.

Question 24

What percentage of infants formed an attachment with their father by 18 months?

Answer 24

75%

Question 25

What does Field's (1979) study suggest about primary caregiver fathers?

Answer 25

They adopt behaviors typical of mothers, showing sensitive responsiveness.

Question 26

What is the key to the attachment relationship, according to the findings?

Answer 26

The level of responsiveness, not the gender of the parent.

Question 27

What type of monkeys did Harlow use in his research?

Answer 27

Rhesus monkeys ## Footnote Rhesus monkeys are more similar to humans than Lorenz’s geese.

Question 28

What was the aim of Harlow's research?

Answer 28

To investigate the importance of food and contact comfort within attachment.

Question 29

What was the independent variable in Harlow's experiment?

Answer 29

Whether the baby monkey was placed with a ‘wire’ or ‘cloth’ mother.

Question 30

What was the dependent variable in Harlow's study?

Answer 30

Which ‘mother’ the monkey went to when scared.

Question 31

What did Harlow's findings reveal about baby monkeys' preferences?

Answer 31

Baby monkeys preferred the soft towel mother over the wire mother.

Question 32

What behavior did baby monkeys exhibit when frightened?

Answer 32

They clung to the soft towel mother if it was available.

Question 33

What conclusion did Harlow draw regarding contact comfort?

Answer 33

Contact comfort was more important than food for attachment behavior.

Question 34

What severe consequences were observed in maternally deprived monkeys as adults?

Answer 34

Fear, aggression, and dysfunctional social behavior.

Question 35

What is the critical period for attachment formation according to Harlow?

Answer 35

An attachment must form within 90 days.

Question 36

What is the learning theory of attachment?

Answer 36

Attachments develop through classical and/or operant conditioning.

Question 37

What is classical conditioning in the context of attachment?

Answer 37

Learning to associate food (UCS) with the caregiver (NS) to produce a conditioned response of pleasure (CR).

Question 38

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 38

When an infant repeats a behavior because it results in a reward.

Question 39

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 39

When an adult performs a behavior to avoid an unpleasant consequence.

Question 40

According to Sears et al. (1975), what is attachment considered?

Answer 40

A secondary drive learned through association with the primary drive of hunger.

Question 41

What did John Bowlby propose about attachment?

Answer 41

Attachment is an innate system that provides a survival advantage.

Question 42

What are social releasers according to Bowlby?

Answer 42

Innate behaviors in infants that encourage adult attention.

Question 43

What is the critical period for developing an attachment according to Bowlby?

Answer 43

Originally proposed as around 6 months, later viewed as a sensitive period up to 30 months.

Question 44

What does monotropic mean in Bowlby's theory?

Answer 44

One attachment is central and different from all others.

Question 45

What is the internal working model?

Answer 45

A mental representation of the relationship with the primary attachment figure.

Question 46

What method did Mary Ainsworth develop to assess attachment?

Answer 46

The Strange Situation.

Question 47

What types of attachment did Ainsworth identify?

Answer 47

* Insecure-Avoidant * Secure * Insecure-Resistant

Question 48

What is the significance of caregiver responsiveness in attachment?

Answer 48

It largely shapes a child's attachment style.

Question 49

What did van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) conduct a meta-analysis on?

Answer 49

Attachment types across 32 studies from 8 countries.

Question 50

What was the most common attachment type found in all countries studied?

Answer 50

Secure attachment.

Question 51

What did Simonella et al. (2014) study in Italy?

Answer 51

Proportions of infants with different attachment types.

Question 52

What was the overall finding regarding attachment types across cultures?

Answer 52

There is a difference in the pattern of cross-cultural attachment types across cultures. The overall pattern of attachment types was similar to what Ainsworth found.

Question 53

What did Simonella et al. (2014) find regarding attachment types in their Italian study?

Answer 53

50% were classified as secure and 36% as insecure-avoidant. This is a lower rate of secure attachment and a higher rate of insecure-avoidant attachment than found in many other studies.

Question 54

What cultural factor did Simonella et al. (2014) suggest influenced their findings?

Answer 54

An increasing number of mothers of very young children work long hours and use professional childcare in Italy.

Question 55

What was the main conclusion of Jin et al. (2012) regarding attachment types in Korea?

Answer 55

Cultural factors influence how attachment styles manifest, with high levels of secure attachment and low levels of insecure-avoidant attachment suggesting caregiving practices emphasize emotional closeness.

Question 56

What critical period did Bowlby propose for normal psychological development?

Answer 56

The first 30 months, with a continuing risk up to the age of 5.

Question 57

What is the difference between separation and deprivation in attachment theory?

Answer 57

Separation is a brief, temporary absence of a primary attachment figure; deprivation is a lengthy or permanent absence of an attachment figure.

Question 58

What were the findings of Bifulco et al. (1992) regarding maternal death?

Answer 58

25% of women who experienced separation due to maternal death had depression or an anxiety disorder, compared to 15% who had no such experiences.

Question 59

What did Goldfarb (1943) discover about the impact of maternal deprivation on intellectual development?

Answer 59

Fostered children had an average IQ of 96, while those in an orphanage averaged only 68.

Question 60

What is affectionless psychopathy?

Answer 60

A personality style characterized by a lack of empathy for others and a lack of shame or responsibility.

Question 61

What was the aim of Bowlby’s 44 Thieves Study (1944)?

Answer 61

To investigate whether the causes of juvenile delinquency could be linked to maternal deprivation.

Question 62

What percentage of affectionless psychopaths in Bowlby's study experienced prolonged separation?

Answer 62

86% of those classified as affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged separation from their primary caregiver.

Question 63

What are the long-term effects of institutionalisation on children?

Answer 63

Psychological, emotional, and social consequences, including physical underdevelopment, disinhibited attachment, and intellectual disability.

Question 64

What did Rutter’s Romanian English Adoptee Study (1998) reveal about recovery from institutionalisation?

Answer 64

Negative effects of institutionalisation can be overcome by sensitive, nurturing care.

Question 65

What did Zeanah et al.’s Bucharest Early Intervention Study (2005) find about attachment in institutionalized children?

Answer 65

74% of the control group were securely attached compared to 19% of the institutional group.

Question 66

What is the continuity hypothesis in attachment theory?

Answer 66

Children’s attachment types are reflected in their later relationships, based on their internal working model.

Question 67

What did Kerns (1994) find regarding attachment type and childhood friendships?

Answer 67

Securely attached infants tend to form the best quality childhood friendships, while insecurely attached infants have friendship difficulties.

Question 68

What did Hazan and Shaver (1987) discover about adult relationships and attachment types?

Answer 68

Securely attached individuals were most likely to have good and longer-lasting romantic experiences.

Question 69

How did McCarthy (1999) link childhood attachment to adult relationships?

Answer 69

Securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships, while insecure-resistant and insecure-avoidant infants had difficulties.

Question 70

What did Bailey et al. (2007) find regarding the impact of the internal working model on parenting?

Answer 70

Most women had the same attachment classification with both their babies and their mothers, showing that attachment type tends to be passed through generations.