Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

UMass Dev Psych > Attachment (ch. 11) + Sex/Gender (ch. 15) > Flashcards

Attachment (ch. 11) + Sex/Gender (ch. 15) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Attachment

A

an emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Attachment + Behaviorism

A

Argued that food, such as breast milk, is the basis for a bond –> through process of classical conditioning between infant and mother
- mothers evoke pleasure in the infant only because of this association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Harry Harlow Monkey Experiment

A

Infant monkeys prefer ot be close to cloth mother rather than the wire mother that can feed him

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Attachment theory

A
  • proposed by John Bowlby
  • posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as means of increasing chances of survival
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Secure Base

A

refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant w/ a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Purposes of attachment

A
  1. enhances infant’s chance of survival by keeping caregiver close
  2. provides emotional security, which allow infant to explore world w/o fear
  3. serves as a form of co-regulation that helps child manage their levels of arousal and emotions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Internal working model of attachment

A

the child’s mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences w/ caregivers
- the working model guides children’s interactions w. caregivers and other ppl in infancy and at older ages (how reliable these ppl are for infant’s needs and secuirty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If caregivers accessible and responsive…

A

children come to expect interpersonal relationships to be gratifying and they feel worthy of receiving care/love

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If caregivers are unavailable or unresponsive…

A

children develop negative perceptions of relationships with others and of themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ainsworth’s strange situation procedure

A

child accompanied by the parent is placed in lab w/ interesting toys
- child separated from parent and interacts with a stranger, then parent comes back
- assess infants’ attachment to their caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secure attachment

A
  • infants use their mother as a secure base during initial session, leaving her side to explore the toys and occasionally check back w/ mom as they play
  • Usually distressed when mom leaves room and glad to see her again and they can calm down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Insecure/resistant attachment

A
  • infants clingy from beginning and don’t really explore toys
  • when mom leaves, they get very upset and when reunited, they rebuff mom’s effort for comfort (try to leave mom’s arms when they’re picked up, angry at mom for leaving)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Insecure/avoidant attachment

A
  • Children avoid their mom in the experiment
  • don’t greet her when reunited and ignore her when she’s in the room
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

A
  • small portion of kids fall into this
  • no consistent way of coping with the stress of the experiment
  • frequently appear dazed or disoriented and may freeze in their behavior and remain still for a large period of time
  • they WANT to approach their caregiver, but also seem to regard her as a source of fear from which they want to withdraw!!!!!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Parental sensitivity

A

caregiving behavior that involves the expression of warmth and consistent responsiveness to child’s needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Differential susceptability

A

certain genes result in children being differentially susceptible to the quality of their rearing environment, such as those w. the reactive genes benefit from having a secure attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cultural variations in attachment

A
  • studies suggest that attachment security is universal across cultures
  • differences though in south american children where they are less likely to remain close to their mother whereas children in Italy are more likely to be close
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Attachment + Socio-emotional dev

A
  • attachment status (in infancy and later childhood) has been found to predict social-emotional dev
  • securely attached infants experiencing better adjustment and more social skills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Self-concept

A

refers to a system made up of one’s thoughts and attitudes about oneself
- includes physical body, social characteristics, and internal characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Development of self concept

A
  • infants must first differentiate themselves from the environment –> done through interacting with their environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Recognition of the self

A
  • becomes more directly apparent by 18-20 months when many kids can look in the mirror and recognize themselves
  • this requires them to have memories of their appearance that they match to the mirror image
  • by 3, children use language to store memories of their own experiences and behaviors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Social comparison

A
  • before elementary school, children have unrealistic confidence and overly positive views of themselves - by school age, they begin to compare aspects of their own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Higher order conceptions

A

the new cognitive capacity to form higher order conceptions of the self allows older children to construct more global views of themselves and to evaluate themselves as a person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Personal fable

A

a form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one’s own feelings and thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Imaginary audience

A

the belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent’s appearance and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Self-esteem

A

incorporates a child’s overall subjective evaluation of their own worth and the feelings they have about that evaluation
- DOESN’T emerge until age 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sources of self-esteem (individual differences)

A
  1. age = varies by dev stage
  2. physical attributes
  3. gender
  4. approval from others (esp parents)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

identity achievement

A

an integration of various aspects of the self into a coherent whole that is stable over time and across events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

moratorium

A

period in which the individual is exploring various occupational and ideological choices and hasn’t yet made a clear commitment to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

identity foreclosure

A

individuals who have committed to an identity before engaging in any real exploration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

acculturation

A

process of adjusting to a new culture while retaining some aspects of one’s original culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

first recognition (sexual identity)

A

Feelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they’re different from others

33
Q

Gender typing

A

generally, the process of gender socialization during development

34
Q

Gender Typed

A

refers to behaviors stereotyped for a given person’s assigned gender

35
Q

Cross-gender typed

A

refers to behaviors contrary to those stereotyped for a given person’s assigned gender

36
Q

Effect size

A

magnitude of difference between 2 group’s averages and the amt of overlap in their distribution

37
Q

Janet Hyde’s “gender similarities hypothesis”

A

when comparing girls and boys, it’s important to appreciate that similarities far out-weight differences on most attributes

38
Q

Gender Dev infleunces

A
  1. biological differences = sex hormones and brain structure account for behavior differences
  2. cognition + motivation = learning gender-typed roles through obs and practice
  3. cultural factors = relative status of men and women in society
39
Q

Androgens + Gender

A
  • class of steroid hormones that include testosterone
  • absence of this creates female genitalia
  • has an organizing or activating influence
40
Q

Organizing influence

A

occurs when certain sex-linked hormones affect brain differentiation and organization during prenatal dev or at puberty

41
Q

Activating influence

A

occurs when fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels influence the contemporaneous activation of certain brain and behavioral responses

42
Q

Brain structure

A
  • adult male and female brains show some small average differences in physical structure
  • however, diffs don’t appear to result in any clear advantage to cognitive performance
43
Q

Self-socialization

A

individuals use their beliefs, expectations, and preferences to guide how they perceive the world and the actions they choose

44
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Cognitive Dev Theory

A
  • proposed that children construct knowledge about gender in the same ways that Piaget theorized children construct knowledge about the physical world
  • children actively seek to understand the meaning of gender through observing and interacting with the world around them
  • cognitive dev changes in children’s understanding of gender during early childhood
45
Q

Gender stability

A

children come to realize that gender remains the same over time
- however, they;re not clear that gender is independent of superficial appearance and thus believe that a boy who puts on a dress and looks like a girl is now a girl [not true]

46
Q

Gender constancy

A

the understanding that gender is invariant across situations
EX: I’m a girl and nothing I do will change that

47
Q

Gender schema theory

A

the motivation to enact gender-typed behavior begins as soon as children can label other ppl’s and their own gender (about age 3)

48
Q

Gender schemas

A

mental representations that incorporate everything the child knows about gender
- include memories of one’s own experiences w/ males and females, gender stereotypes transmitted by peers, and messages in media
- responsible for biased processing and remembering of info about gender

49
Q

Gender schemas experiment

A
  • boxes placed in front of 4 and 9 yr olds, each with objects unfamiliar to them but labeled as “boys,” “girls,” or “boys and girls”
  • children spent more time exploring boxes labeled for their own gender
50
Q

Children tend to encode and remember images and info that is ______

A

schema-consistent
- tend to ignore or distort schema-inconsistent info which helps perpetuate gender stereotypes

51
Q

Gender schema filter

A

initial evaluation of info as relevant for one’s own gender

52
Q

Interest filter

A

initial evaluation of info as being personally interesting

53
Q

Tuition (Social Cognitive Theory)

A

direct teaching during gender socialization
EX: father showing his son how to throw a ball

54
Q

Enactive experience (Social Cognitive Theory)

A

learning to take into account the reactions one’s past behaviors have evoked in others
EX: receiving positive reactions for gender stereotypical behavior and negative for opposite

55
Q

Observational learning

A

learning through watching other people and the consequences others experience as a result of their actions

56
Q

Social identity Theory

A

addresses the influence of group membership on ppl’s self-concepts and behavior with others

57
Q

Ingroup bias

A

the tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics associated with the ingroup more positively than or as superior to those associated with the outgroup

58
Q

Ingroup assimilation

A

individuals are socialized to confrom to the group’s norms

59
Q

Developmental intergroup theory (DIT)

A

integrates ideas from the cognitive developmental theory, gender schema theory, and social identity theory
- 3 key processes that contribute to dev of stereotyping and prejudice based on a person’s gender –> establishing the psychological salience of gender, categorizing individuals based on their gender, and developing stereotypes and prejudices based on this categorization

60
Q

Stereotype emulation hypothesis

A

the more children identify with their gender ingroup, the more motivated they will be to adhere to the stereotypes for their gender ingroup

61
Q

Stereotype construction hypothesis

A

specifies that children are apt to form generalized beliefs or stereotypes about their gender ingroup based on their personal social attributes
EX: a girl who likes to play dress up will assume other girls like to do that same

62
Q

Identity construction hypothesis

A

children are more likely to identify with their gender ingroup when their own personal-social attributes match their stereotyped beliefs about their gender ingroup
EX: a boy might forma stronger gender identity if he likes playing sports and he also stereotypes sports as something boys do

63
Q

At what age can infants distinguish males and females?

A

6-9 months

64
Q

Evidence that children acquire the concept of gender early

A

by age 2.5 yrs, they begin to label other’s genders

65
Q

Preschool Age

A
  • by 3yrs, most children begin to attribute certain toys and play activities w/ gender
  • by 5yrs, they stereotype characteristics
66
Q

Gender segregation

A

children’s tendency to associate with same-gender peers and to avoid other-gender peers
- increases between 3 and 6 yrs then remains stable throughout childhood

67
Q

Middle childhood

A
  • usually attained gender constancy by age 6
  • understand gender is not necessarily tied to a person’s physical appearance
68
Q

Assertion

A

one’s attempt to exert influence over the enviro
EX: directive statements

69
Q

Affliation

A

making connections with others
EX: expressing support

70
Q

Collaboration

A

coordination off assertion and affiliation in behavior, such as making initiatives for joint activity

71
Q

Adolescence

A

-Gender roles become more rigid
- or more relaxed depending on individual and contextual factors

72
Q

Gender role intensification

A

heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles that may occur during adolescence
- related to increase in gender discrimination during adolescence

73
Q

ambivalent sexism

A

complementary effects of hostile sexism (where men are dominant and women who seek equality are disparaged) and benevolent sexism (where men are supposed to protect women in the context of heterosexual relations)

74
Q

Gender role flexibility

A

recognition of gender roles as social conventions and adoption of more flexible attitudes and interests

75
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

condition during prenatal dev where adrenal glands produce high levels of androgens
- masculinization of external genitalia in genetic females and sometimes associated with higher rates of masculine-stereotyped play

76
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

condition in prenatal dev where androgen receptors malfunction in genetic males, impeding formation of male external genitalia
- may be born with female external genitalia

77
Q

adrenarche

A

period prior to the emergence of visible signs of puberty during which the adrenal glands mature, providing a major source of sex steroid hormones
- correlates to sonset of sexual attraction

78
Q

Parental influence

A
  • young girls might learn language faster is because mothers spend more time talking to them
  • BUT, could be that many girls acquire more likely to elicit talk from their mothers
  • AND a possible bidirectional influence where both mothers and daughters tend to be talkative and reinforce this behavior in one another
79
Q
A

UMass Dev Psych (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions