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psychology Miss Gilhespy > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

definition of attachment

A

strong emotional connection is formed between two individuals.
attachment is an important mile stone for infants.

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2
Q

what is psychosocial development?

A

Happens when forming relationships, interacting with others, learning to understand their feeling
vv important social milestone

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3
Q

what is attachment normally typified as

A

seeking proximity
displaying stress when separated from individual
bond not present at birth, develops with interactions between. caregiver.
security

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4
Q

what is interactional synchrony

A

baby moving bodies in rhythm with carers spoken language, turn taking.

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5
Q

what is reciprocity

A

interaction=mutual behaviour between infant and carer, producing responses from each other

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6
Q

what is mimicking

A

infants imitating facial expressions of caregiver suggesting an innate biological drive

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7
Q

other communications between infant and care giver

A

bodily contact- help form attachment in early period after birth
caregiverse- modified vocal language eg. high pitched, song like
help with communication and strengthening attachment

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8
Q

Klaus and kennel (1976)

A

compared mothers who displayed extended physical contact and mothers who only contacted their infants during feeding
1 month= greater physical contact cuddled their babies more and eye contact
1 year=effect still evident

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9
Q

Isabella et al (1989)

A

secure attachments demonstrated interactional synchrony during 1st yr

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10
Q

meltzoff and Moore (1977)

A

infants aged 2-3 weeks displayed a tendency to mimic adults indicating that mimicry is an innate ability that helps in attachment

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11
Q

did Klaus and kennels work have real life effects?

A

yes, hospitals placed mothers and babies in the same room

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12
Q

papousek et al (1991)

A

use of caregiverese is cross cultural, innate?

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13
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) AIM

A

To find the age at which attachments start and how intense

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14
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) METHOD

A 
60 babies from working class area in Glasgow 
observe them every 4 weeks and 1x at 18 months
interviews also conducted with mom
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15
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) VARIABLES

A

measured through;
SEPARATION ANXIETY-did the child form an attachment
STRANGER ANXIETY-can child recognise familiar and unfamiliar ppl

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16
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) FINDINGS

A

first specific attachment formed at 50% between 25-32 weeks

by 18 months 31% had 5 or more attachments

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17
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) WHAT ARE THE 4 STAGES OF HUMAN ATTACHMENTS

A

asocial
indiscriminate attachment
specific attachment
multiple attachment

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18
Q

Schaffer and Emerson et al (1964) EVALUATION

A

babies observed in natural environment (high ecological validity)
data collected by mother could have been prone to bias
large individual differences when attachments formed adding uncertainty

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19
Q

what is ASOCIAL?

A 
0-6 weeks
short lived
attention seeking behaviour eg:crying
NOT DIRECTED AT ANYONE IN PARTICULAR
attachments could be made with anyone
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20
Q

what is INDISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT?

A

6 weeks-7 months
Childs seeks attention from anyone and is happy to receive attention from anyone
preferences shown to familiar faces

21
Q

what is SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT?

A 
7-11 months
primarily attached to main caregiver
separated child distressed
child wary of strangers 
linked to strange situation
22
Q

what is MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS?

A

after primary attachments infants go on to make multiple attachments
vary in strength
no thought to be a limit on attachments

23
Q

are multiple attachments formed for different purposes?

A

yes, for example mother: loving care and father for exciting unpredictable play

24
Q

what did Bowlby believe about about multiple attachments?

A

children had 1 primary attachment and others formed after were less important

25
Q

what did Rutter believe about multiple attachment?

A

proposed a model that stated that all attachments are equal

26
Q

why do children have multiple attachments?

A

there is an evolutionary advantage for example if a child loses an attachment figure there are others to take its place.

27
Q

can males develop sensitive responsiveness like mothers?

A

yes

28
Q

explain degree of sensitivity relating to fathers

A

fathers sensitive to there Childs needs develop more secure attachments

29
Q

explain single-parent fathers relating to father-chid dynamic

A

tend to form similar attachments with children as they had with there own children

30
Q

explain marital intimacy relating to father-child dynamic

A

type of attachment father develops relates to level of intimacy with partners

31
Q

explain supportive co-parenting relating to father-child dynamic

A

level of support a father gives his partner looking after the children affects the attachment.

32
Q

Geiger (1996)

A

way fathers play with children is more pleasurable than mothers supporting the idea of dads being playmates

33
Q

Lamb (1987)

A

children interact with dads when in a positive mental state concluding they make bad primary figures

34
Q

Hardy (1999)

A

fathers are less likely to detect infant distress concluding they make bad primary figures

35
Q

Lamb (1997)

A

once dad is main care giver he develops sensitivity towards child needs therefore sensitive responsiveness isn’t innate and not just women have it

36
Q

Belsky et al (2009)

A

secure martial intimacy is linked to how secure a father infant attachment is

37
Q

father attachment implications

A

secure attachment= good relationships with peers less behavioural difficulties
able to regulate emotions
without father= do worse at school, higher levels of risk taking and aggression .

38
Q

pederson (1979)

A

ARGUES outcomes may be because of socio-economic background as research is focused on single mothers and poorer families
evidence stated fathers are just as capable at sensitive responsiveness as mothers

39
Q

Learning theory suggests attachment happens because…

A

infant associates the caregiver with food (cupboard love)

40
Q

what are the two types of learning theory?

A

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

41
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

happens when a response produced naturally by stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus not normally associated with that particular response.

42
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

operant conditioning states that where any action with a pleasurable outcome is repeated, the behaviour will also be repeated.

43
Q

Dollard and Miller (1950)

A

babies are fed averagely 2,000 times, this gives the opportunity for the carer to become associated with the removal of the unpleasant feeling of hunger.

44
Q

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

A

found that 39% of cases that the mother was not the main attachment figure therefore this doubts the learning theory saying that food was not the primary explanation for attachment

45
Q

evaluation of learning theory

A

conditioning can explain simple behaviour but not things like attachments.
attachments that are made with other people suggesting that learning theory provides an bad explanation.

46
Q

was Bowlbys mono tropic theory influenced by animals?

A

yes, such as Lorenz and Harlow. he concluded emotional bonds are evolutionary.

47
Q

when were attachment bonds developed?

A

Stone Age and plies tone because of constant threat from predators
evolved to make sure offspring remain close to care givers

48
Q

what are social releases?

A

infants are genetically programmed to behave in particular ways. this increases survival. infants developed innate species-specific behaviours making sure they are cared for and protected “CUTE” behaviour

49
Q

what do social releases include?

A

crying: attention
looking/smiling/vocalising: maintain interest in carers
following and clinging: physical proximity

psychology Miss Gilhespy (7 decks)

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