Attachment Flashcards
Explain reciprocity
Responding to the action if another with a similar action
What is international synchrony?
When two people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing in body move,nets and facial movements in synchrony
Summarise the APFC for Meltzoff and Moore’d observational study
A- to investigate if a baby would respond to four different stimuli
P- selected four different stimuli
Observed infant’s behaviour and watched in slow motion
Watched by people who did not know infant
F- each observer scored the tapes twice
The baby reacted to the adult with similar expressions
C- even from a young age infants still respond and mirror the behaviour that was shown, it supports intersectional synchrony because they were synchronising
F-
Describe the stages of attachment identified by Schaffer and Emerson
P- conducted longitudinal study on 60 babies from Glasgow and observed their interactions with their carerers in monthly periods
Attachment was shown by separation anxiety
F-
0-3 Asocial stage- babies show similar responses to objects and people
0- 6 months- indiscriminate- no stranger anxiety/ more sociable
7-9 months- specific attachment/ show separation/stranger anxiety
10+ multiple attachments- shows special behaviour towards several different people
C- 65%- at 18 months had attachment of mother/ 3 for the father
Most likely to form attachment with those that interacted with baby i
EVALUATION
Schaffer’s study
\+ Longitudinal study so therefore there was a lot of detail about each child \+ Used multiple research data so therefore it wasn't a biased opinion of the mother E.g used observation and interviews - Only 60 babies Lacks population bailouts Cannot generalise - Study might not show cultural differences as it was in Glasgow Cannot generalise
What is attachment?
A two-way emotional it to a specific person, for example a mother and a child
Learning theory
What is operant conditioning?
Learning by reinforcement
What are the two types of reinforcement?
Positive- when a behaviour results in the addition of something pleasant/
Negative reinforcement- when behaviour results in the subtraction of something unpleasant/ doing homework to avoid detention
Describe classical conditioning (using the three stages)
Before conditioning:
Unconditioned stimulus (Food) ->unconditioned response (happy baby)
During conditioning:
Mother (neutral stimulus)-> Food (unconditioned stimulus) -> unconditioned response (happy baby)
After conditioning:
Conditioned stimulus (Mother)-> conditioned response (Happy baby
EVALUATION
The learning theory
Give the two studies which contradict the learning theory
Harlow’s monkeys (1958)
Theory suggests food is the key element of attachment but the monkey’s in Harlow’s investigation the monkeys attached more to the ‘cloth mother’ that gave them comfort rather than the ‘wire mother’
Food isn’t the most important thing
Schaffer and Emerson
More likely to form with those who responded accurately to the baby’s signals, not who were with them
Give a strength of the learning theory
Has face validity- learning theories of attachment not seem to be correct. Makes sense that children will attach to people who satisfy their basic needs
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association
Outline Bowlby’s theory of attachment using four key principles
Monotropy- we form one specific attachment with one person- usually the Mother
There are multiple attachments but one of them is the most important
Critical period- a critical period in which a child develops an attachment, after this it is difficult for the child to form a significant primary attachment and there is likely to be serious develops,Neal consequences 0-5 years
Internal working model- primary attachment provides a template for their future relationships- tells us how to respond to people
Maternal deprivation hypothesis- if attachment is disrupted or does not form one then there will be long term developmental consequences later in life
EVALUATION
Bowlby’s learning theory
Give two studies that support this
Harlow’s monkeys-went for comfort over food
Hazan and Schaffer- if a person formed a strong attachment when young then they will form strong attachments when older, supports the internal working model
Outline Hazan and Shaver’s research into attachment types and future relationships
A- wanted to see if there was a correlation between the infant’s attachment types and their future approach to romantic relationships
P- A measurement of attachment type
A love experience questionnaire
Printed in local newspapers- analysed 620 replies between ages of 14-82
Secure- happy, friendly and trusting/ happy to be close to others
Anxious resistant- obsession, emotional highs and lows, sexual desire, closeness could frighten others away
Anxious avoidant- feared intamicy, uncomfortable with being dependent on others
Results- positive corre,action
Conclusion- supportive of the Internal working model/ did change y
EVALUATION
The Love Quiz
Give a criticism
Give a study that supports the love quiz
-
People recording their memories of their infant experiences may not be accurate
Responders were self selecting so results may have volunteer bias
Not always truthful answers
+
Judith Feeney + Patricia Noller
Securely attached individuals had the most long term enduring romantic relationships while anxious avoidant types had the most short lived and least intense relationships
-
Only established a correlation, not a cause and effect
+
Repeated love quiz in 1993 and found evidence of a strong correlation between infant attachment type and adult love style
What is the strange situation?
What does it involve?
Who developed it?
A procedure for assessing the quality of attachment of the infant and the Mother. Involves a series of episodes where the child is left alone and adults come in and out of the room. It lasts for 22 minutes
Mary Ainsworth 1978
How did Ainsworth assess the quality of attachment?
On the basis of the child’s response to specific episodes of the procedure
What is separation anxiety?
Behavior a child demonstrates when removed from an attachment figure or crying
What is reunion behavior?
Behavior a child demonstrates when the Mother returns e.g crying stops
What is stranger anxiety?
Behaviour a child demonstrates when faced with a stranger
Give the eight episodes of the stranger situation
- parent and infant play/ 2. Parent sits while infant plays/3. stranger enters and talks to parent/4.Parent leaves, infant plays, stranger offers comfort when needed/5 Parent returns, greets infant, offers comfort if needed, stranger leaves/.6 Parent leaves, infant is alone/7. stranger enters and offers comfort/8. parent returns, greets infant
Give a description of a secure attachment in these categories:
- willingness to explore
- stranger anxiety
- separation anxiety
- reunion behaviour
- High- uses Mother as safe base
- Moderate- weary of stranger
- some/easy to soothe
- Enthusiastic/ stop crying
Give a description of an insecure avoidant attachment in these categories:
- willingness to explore
- stranger anxiety
- separation anxiety
- reunion behaviour
- High- would not use Mother as safe base 2. Low- little reaction, 3. Indifferent- little reaction, 4. Avoids contact/ no reaction to Mother
Give a description of an insecure resistant attachment in these categories:
- willingness to explore
- stranger anxiety
- separation anxiety
- reunion behaviour
- Low- wouldn’t want to move away/
- High- a lot of distress
- Very distressed/
- Seeks and rejects- would want attention
Give the two theories to explain why children develop different attachment types
Maternal sensitivity hypothesis/ infant temperament hypothesis
What does Ainsworth’s material sensitivity hypothesis argue?
A child’s attachment style is dependent on the behaviour their mother shows towards them.
Sensitive- responsive/ securely attached/
Impatient- insecure
Which study supports Ainsworth’s maternal sensitivity hypothesis?
Dewolff and Van Izjendoorn- 1997/ conducted a meta analysis of research into attachment types/ found the was a relatively weak correlation of 0.24 between parental sensitivity and attachment type- generally more sensitive parents had securely attached children
EVALUATION- weak correlation/ there are other reasons/ reductionist
What is the temperament hypothesis and how does it offer an alternative explanation for different types of attachment? (Kagan 1982)
Suggest that the temperament of the child is what leads to the different attachments, children with innate temperaments will have different attachments
Summarise the ‘caregiver sensitivity hypothesis’ as an explanation for different attachment types
Dependent on the behaviour of the mother to the children. If they are not senttive then they will have securely attachment children. If not they will be insecurelyd attached
Give two strengths of Ainsworth’s strange situation
The use of controlled observation means the study has high reliably/ all extraneous variables were controlled and environment/ easy to replicate- reliable
Practical applications due to its predictive validity/ developed our understanding of attachment/ linked to specific adult behaviours/ predictive validity/
Give two weaknesses of Ainsworth’s strange situation
Lacks ecological validity/ takes place in an artificial environment/ cannot be sure the behaviour of the child is reflective of their natural real life behaviour
Some critics argue that the strange situation has ethical issues/ unfamiliar environment- causes it distress/ issues with protection from harm
What is meant by culture
Shared beliefs of similar people of a paticular part of society
What type study was Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study on cultural variations in attachment?
Meta analysis
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
Give the aim
To investigate the cultural variations in attachment
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
Give the procedure
Conducted a large scale meta analysis in which they analysed the results of 32 separate countries/ 2000 babies were studies/ used Ainsworth’s strange situation/ had percentages and compared
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
Give the findings
Highest was secure- 64.8% USA
Avoidant- West Germany 35.3%
Resistant 28.8% Israel
Most studies in USA (18)
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
Give a conclusion
Cultural background makes a lot of difference in terms of attach meant, but secure attachment is said to be most common
Reflects the different child rearing practices
Why was there the highest number of insecure avoidant attachments in Germany?
Why was there the highest number of insecure resistant attachments on Israel/ Japan (27.1)?
In Germany independence is encouraged. Do not use mother as safe base,
In Israel children brought up in Kubbin, they would be brought up in groups/ Mother rarely sepersted in Japan
What is an individualist culture?
When you have to be independent e.g America
What is a collectivist culture?
Working together and supported by the community (insecure resistant)
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
EVALUATION
Give two strengths
The study has significant applications to psychology/ study was the first large scale comparative analysis/ conclusion significantly develop our understanding p/ how cultural impacts attachment type
Use of meta analysis is ethically sound/ don’t use participants/ not direct contact/ wouldn’t influence ppts
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
Give two weaknesses
EVALUATION
The use of the strange situation in each study is an issue/ ethnocentric producer/ develooped in America/ based on western children
Not truly representative
Give two strengths of Ainsworth’s strange situation
The use of controlled observation means the study has high reliably/ all extraneous variables were controlled and environment/ easy to replicate- reliable
Practical applications due to its predictive validity/ developed our understanding of attachment/ linked to specific adult behaviours/ predictive validity/
Give two weaknesses of Ainsworth’s strange situation
Lacks ecological validity/ takes place in an artificial environment/ cannot be sure the behaviour of the child is reflective of their natural real life behaviour
Some critics argue that the strange situation has ethical issues/ unfamiliar environment- causes it distress/ issues with protection from harm
What is meant by culture
Shared beliefs of similar people of a paticular part of society
What type study was Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study on cultural variations in attachment?
Meta analysis
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
Give the aim
To investigate the cultural variations in attachment
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
Give the procedure
Conducted a large scale meta analysis in which they analysed the results of 32 separate countries/ 2000 babies were studies/ used Ainsworth’s strange situation/ had percentages and compared
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
Give the findings
Highest was secure- 64.8% USA
Avoidant- West Germany 35.3%
Resistant 28.8% Israel
Most studies in USA (18)
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
Give a conclusion
Cultural background makes a lot of difference in terms of attach meant, but secure attachment is said to be most common
Reflects the different child rearing practices
Why was there the highest number of insecure avoidant attachments in Germany?
Why was there the highest number of insecure resistant attachments on Israel/ Japan (27.1)?
In Germany independence is encouraged. Do not use mother as safe base,
In Israel children brought up in Kubbin, they would be brought up in groups/ Mother rarely sepersted in Japan
What is an individualist culture?
When you have to be independent e.g America
What is a collectivist culture?
Working together and supported by the community (insecure resistant)
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
EVALUATION
Give two strengths
The study has significant applications to psychology/ study was the first large scale comparative analysis/ conclusion significantly develop our understanding p/ how cultural impacts attachment type
Use of meta analysis is ethically sound/ don’t use participants/ not direct contact/ wouldn’t influence ppts
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
Give two weaknesses
EVALUATION
The use of the strange situation in each study is an issue/ ethnocentric producer/ develooped in America/ based on western children
Not truly representative
