Attachment Flashcards
Explain reciprocity
Responding to the action if another with a similar action
What is international synchrony?
When two people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing in body move,nets and facial movements in synchrony
Summarise the APFC for Meltzoff and Moore’d observational study
A- to investigate if a baby would respond to four different stimuli
P- selected four different stimuli
Observed infant’s behaviour and watched in slow motion
Watched by people who did not know infant
F- each observer scored the tapes twice
The baby reacted to the adult with similar expressions
C- even from a young age infants still respond and mirror the behaviour that was shown, it supports intersectional synchrony because they were synchronising
F-
Describe the stages of attachment identified by Schaffer and Emerson
P- conducted longitudinal study on 60 babies from Glasgow and observed their interactions with their carerers in monthly periods
Attachment was shown by separation anxiety
F-
0-3 Asocial stage- babies show similar responses to objects and people
0- 6 months- indiscriminate- no stranger anxiety/ more sociable
7-9 months- specific attachment/ show separation/stranger anxiety
10+ multiple attachments- shows special behaviour towards several different people
C- 65%- at 18 months had attachment of mother/ 3 for the father
Most likely to form attachment with those that interacted with baby i
EVALUATION
Schaffer’s study
\+ Longitudinal study so therefore there was a lot of detail about each child \+ Used multiple research data so therefore it wasn't a biased opinion of the mother E.g used observation and interviews - Only 60 babies Lacks population bailouts Cannot generalise - Study might not show cultural differences as it was in Glasgow Cannot generalise
What is attachment?
A two-way emotional it to a specific person, for example a mother and a child
Learning theory
What is operant conditioning?
Learning by reinforcement
What are the two types of reinforcement?
Positive- when a behaviour results in the addition of something pleasant/
Negative reinforcement- when behaviour results in the subtraction of something unpleasant/ doing homework to avoid detention
Describe classical conditioning (using the three stages)
Before conditioning:
Unconditioned stimulus (Food) ->unconditioned response (happy baby)
During conditioning:
Mother (neutral stimulus)-> Food (unconditioned stimulus) -> unconditioned response (happy baby)
After conditioning:
Conditioned stimulus (Mother)-> conditioned response (Happy baby
EVALUATION
The learning theory
Give the two studies which contradict the learning theory
Harlow’s monkeys (1958)
Theory suggests food is the key element of attachment but the monkey’s in Harlow’s investigation the monkeys attached more to the ‘cloth mother’ that gave them comfort rather than the ‘wire mother’
Food isn’t the most important thing
Schaffer and Emerson
More likely to form with those who responded accurately to the baby’s signals, not who were with them
Give a strength of the learning theory
Has face validity- learning theories of attachment not seem to be correct. Makes sense that children will attach to people who satisfy their basic needs
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association
Outline Bowlby’s theory of attachment using four key principles
Monotropy- we form one specific attachment with one person- usually the Mother
There are multiple attachments but one of them is the most important
Critical period- a critical period in which a child develops an attachment, after this it is difficult for the child to form a significant primary attachment and there is likely to be serious develops,Neal consequences 0-5 years
Internal working model- primary attachment provides a template for their future relationships- tells us how to respond to people
Maternal deprivation hypothesis- if attachment is disrupted or does not form one then there will be long term developmental consequences later in life
EVALUATION
Bowlby’s learning theory
Give two studies that support this
Harlow’s monkeys-went for comfort over food
Hazan and Schaffer- if a person formed a strong attachment when young then they will form strong attachments when older, supports the internal working model
Outline Hazan and Shaver’s research into attachment types and future relationships
A- wanted to see if there was a correlation between the infant’s attachment types and their future approach to romantic relationships
P- A measurement of attachment type
A love experience questionnaire
Printed in local newspapers- analysed 620 replies between ages of 14-82
Secure- happy, friendly and trusting/ happy to be close to others
Anxious resistant- obsession, emotional highs and lows, sexual desire, closeness could frighten others away
Anxious avoidant- feared intamicy, uncomfortable with being dependent on others
Results- positive corre,action
Conclusion- supportive of the Internal working model/ did change y
EVALUATION
The Love Quiz
Give a criticism
Give a study that supports the love quiz
-
People recording their memories of their infant experiences may not be accurate
Responders were self selecting so results may have volunteer bias
Not always truthful answers
+
Judith Feeney + Patricia Noller
Securely attached individuals had the most long term enduring romantic relationships while anxious avoidant types had the most short lived and least intense relationships
-
Only established a correlation, not a cause and effect
+
Repeated love quiz in 1993 and found evidence of a strong correlation between infant attachment type and adult love style
What is the strange situation?
What does it involve?
Who developed it?
A procedure for assessing the quality of attachment of the infant and the Mother. Involves a series of episodes where the child is left alone and adults come in and out of the room. It lasts for 22 minutes
Mary Ainsworth 1978
How did Ainsworth assess the quality of attachment?
On the basis of the child’s response to specific episodes of the procedure
What is separation anxiety?
Behavior a child demonstrates when removed from an attachment figure or crying
What is reunion behavior?
Behavior a child demonstrates when the Mother returns e.g crying stops
What is stranger anxiety?
Behaviour a child demonstrates when faced with a stranger
Give the eight episodes of the stranger situation
- parent and infant play/ 2. Parent sits while infant plays/3. stranger enters and talks to parent/4.Parent leaves, infant plays, stranger offers comfort when needed/5 Parent returns, greets infant, offers comfort if needed, stranger leaves/.6 Parent leaves, infant is alone/7. stranger enters and offers comfort/8. parent returns, greets infant
