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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attachment?

A

An enduring, two way emotional tie to a specific other person with a desire to maintain proximity

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2
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

Adults and babies respond in time to sustain communication (interaction is timed perfectly)
Eg- mother and baby move their bodies in rhythm

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3
Q

What is reciprocity/turn-taking?

A

Interaction flows both ways between adult and infant

Eg- mum smiles then baby smiles back

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4
Q

What is stranger anxiety?

A

Showing distress when in the presence of an unfamiliar person. This indicates they can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people

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5
Q

What is separation protest?

A

If they cry and show distress when separated from their attachment figure

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5
Q

What is critical period?

A

An aspect of development that has to take place during a set period of time; otherwise it won’t take place at all

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6
Q

What are social releases?

A

These are characteristics that elicit a caregiving response in others
Eg- smiling, crying and looking ‘cute’

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7
Q

What is monotrophy?

A

There is one primary attachment with a caregiver (which tends to be the mother)

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8
Q

What is an internal working model?

A

This is the child’s expectations about relationships
Eg- what they can expect from other people. It is formed in relation to a child’s first attachment relationship and guides their behaviour in future relationships

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9
Q

What is learning theory?

A

Leaning theory is that all behaviour is learned either through classical or operant conditioning

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10
Q

What does adaptive mean?

A

Aids survival in our environment

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11
Q

What does innate mean?

A

Inborn;natural

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12
Q

Which case study shows care-giver interactions

A

Meltzoff and Moore

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13
Q

What did the 1977 study on child observation find?

A

Meltzoff and Moore

They found that infants as young as two to three weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures

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14
Q

What did Meltzoff and Moore find?

A

They found an association between the infant behaviour and that of the adult model. Each observer scored the tapes twice so intra-observer and inter-observer reliability could be calculated. All scored were greater then +0.92

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15
Q

What is classical conditioning ?

A

This involved learning through association (classical

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16
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Dollars and Miller (1950) offered a more complex explanation (operant

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17
Q

What is meant by securely attached?

A

Exploring a strange environment, they use the caregiver as safe base and show little distress

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18
Q

What is meant by insecure avoidant?

A

Display little distress on separation and may avoid contact on reunion

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19
Q

What is meant by insecure resistant?

A

Children are clingy and weary of strangers, highly distressed on Separation and showing conflict behaviour on reunion

20
Q

What are the behaviours Ainsworth are interested in?

A

Willing to explore
Stranger anxiety
Separation protest
Behaviour on reunion

21
Q

What are the percentages Ainsworth found in secure attachment, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant?

A

66%, 22%, 12%

22
Q

Name one strength and two weaknesses of Ainsworths studies

A

✅it’s a standardised procedure so it’s easily replicated and ensures that any difference in the behaviour of children is due to differences on their attachment and not due to variations in procedure.
✖️culture biased as it was created in the USA and it assumes that the behaviours are the same across all cultures. Van ijzendoorn later showed, this is not the case.
✖️ethics can be questions, such as psychological harm as they are deliberately causing infants stress

23
Q

What was the most common type of attachment in van ijzendoorns study’s?

A

Secure attachment

24
Q

What was the second most common type of attachment in van ijzendoorns study’s?

A

Insecure resistant in non western cultures

Insecure avoidant in western cultures, especially in Germany

25
Q

Where was insecure avoidant most common in van ijzendoorns study?

A

West Germany

Second: never lands

26
Q

Where was insecure resistant most common in van ijzendoorns study?

A

Israel

Second: Japan

27
Q

Where was insecure secure most common in van ijzendoorns study?

A

Great Britain and Sweden

28
Q

What was van ijzendoorns aim?

A

Investigate cross cultural variations and to test if the SS had external validity

29
Q

What was van ijzendoorns procedure?

A

32 meta analysis of studies that was used in SS to measure attachment type

30
Q

One strength and weaknesses of van ijzendoorns study?

A

✅meta analysis means can compare a larger amount of data, this means it’s more valid as we get a wide range of results
✖️some samples were small, difficult to extrapolate the findings. For example China has only 25 infant mother pairs, this is u likely to represent the who population of China.

31
Q

What is protest?

A

Outward expression of aggression

32
Q

What is despair?

A

Child comforts itself

33
Q

What is detachment?

A

Reject caregiver on return

34
Q

What is meant by deprivation?

A

Loss of emotional care

35
Q

What was Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis?

A

Infant unable to form a continuous, intimate relationship with his mother therefore finding it difficult to form relationships with other people.
Formed within a critical period
Deprivation will lead to emotional maladjustment and mental health problems.

36
Q

Name a study on institutionalisation

A

Hodges and Tizard

Rutter et al

37
Q

What was hodges and tizards procedure?

A

Longitudinal, natural experiment
65 children placed in care when less than 4 months old.
Caregivers were not allowed to form attachments with the children
By the age of 2, 24 = adopted
15 = returned home

38
Q

What was hodges and tizards findings?

A

Difference - Adopted had closer attachments to family, however this wasn’t the case for restored
Similarities - both groups were more likely to seek attention and adult approval

39
Q

Name a study about the role of the father

A

Ramchandani

40
Q

What did ramchandani find?

A

Children’s who’s fathers are more positively engaged with them at the age of 3 month have fewer behavioural problems

41
Q

What did Lorenz do?

Which of Bowlbys 4 claims does this support?

A

Goose eggs - hatched with mother. Hate he’s in incubator first object seen was Lorenz.
Newly hate her eggs followed Lorenz. Formed rapid attachments.
Missed them up and released, however they separated back into the two groups.
(They imprinted in order to survive)

This supports the critical period

42
Q

A criticism of social releases

A

It fails to account the fact adults do not attach to every single baby that looks cute
Babies also do not attach to everyone that responds to them crying

43
Q

What did hazan and shaver do?

Which of Bowlbys 4 claims does this support?

A

The love quiz
Procedure: Local newspaper, 620 pts between 14 and 82
1. A measure of attachment style
2. The love experience questionnaire
Findings: they was a positive correlation between attachment type and love experience
Securely attached individuals had a positive IWM

This supports the IWM

44
Q

Two critics say of Hazan and shavers study?

A

✖️- ages 14/ haven’t experience a fully romantic relationship, therefore not reliable
✖️- social reliability biased/ won’t confess being in a bad relationship

45
Q

What was Schaffer and Emerson’s procedure?

A

Longitudinal study/ overt observation (over a 2 year period)
60 infant working class Glasgow babies
Observed every 4 week till 1 then again as 18 month

46
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson find?

A

Infants who were weakly attached had mothers who failed to interact
By 18 month: 13% attached to one person
31% had 5 or more attachments
65% first attached net was their mother

47
Q

What are the stages of attachment?

A

Pre attachment phase: attracted to other humans rather than objects, smiling at others
Indiscriminate attachment phase: discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people
Discriminate attachment phase: develops specific attachments. Close to others and showing distress
Multiple attachment stage: strong emotions ties with major caregiver. But attachment figure with mother remains strong

48
Q

Name a strength and a weakness of Schaffer and Emerson’s study

A 
✅-followed same children over a long period of time, eliminates confounding variables, makes results more reliable 
✖️- working class Glasgow, lacks population validity

Psychology (10 decks)

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