attachment 2 - stages of attachment (schaffer)

Question 1

define validity

Answer 1

whether something is true or legitimate

Question 2

define internal validity

Answer 2

a measure of whether results obtained are solely affected by changes in the independent variable in a cause and effect relationship

Question 3

external validity

Answer 3

a measure of whether data can be generalised to other situations outside of the research environment

Question 4

define reliability

Answer 4

the consistency of research study or measuring test

Question 5

describe internal reliability

Answer 5

the internal consistency of a measure (such as whether the different questions in a questionnaire are all measuring the same construct)

Question 6

describe external reliability

Answer 6

the consistency of a measure from one use to another (re taking an iq test one year later with similar results)

Question 7

when was the study by schaffer and emerson?

Answer 7

1964

Question 8

what was the sample for schaffer and emerson’s study? (age, gender, area, class)

Answer 8

60 babies, 31 male and 29 female, glasgow, skilled working class families

Question 9

how did schaffer and emerson conduct their study?

Answer 9

babies and mothers visited every month for the first year, and again at 18 months

the researchers asked the mothers questions about their babies protest to separation and also measured their reaction to stranger anxiety

Question 10

how did schaffer and emerson conduct their study?

Answer 10

babies and mothers visited every month for the first year, and again at 18 months

the researchers asked the mothers questions about their babies protest to separation and also measured their reaction to stranger anxiety

Question 11

what percentage of babies showed signs of separation anxiety (usually the mother) between 25 and 32 weeks and what is this called?

Answer 11

50%, specific attachment

Question 12

what percentage of babies had a specific attachment by the age of 40 weeks?

Answer 12

80%

Question 13

what percentage of babies displayed multiple attachments by the age of 40 weeks in the study?

Answer 13

30%

Question 14

when is the asocial stage?

Answer 14

first few weeks

Question 15

when is the indiscriminate attachment stage?

Answer 15

2-7 months

Question 16

when is the specific attachment stage?

Answer 16

around 7 months

Question 17

what happens to babies behaviour shortly after stage three? what is this called?

Answer 17

babies start to show attachment behaviour to other adults (secondary attachments)

Question 18

by what age will the majority of infants have developed multiple attachments?

Answer 18

one year

Question 19

explain how schaffer and emerson’s study has good external and internal validity

Answer 19

the babies behaviour is unlikely to have been affected by observers being present. there is an excellent chance that everyone taking part was acting naturally. therefore it has good external and internal validity.

Question 20

define temporal validity

Answer 20

whether data applies to other time periods or not

Question 21

define a longitudinal study

Answer 21

a study carried out with the same participants over a long period of time

Question 22

describe a cross sectional design in relation to a longitudinal design

Answer 22

a cross sectional design involves taking different children at different ages and doing the research all at once

Question 23

why do longitudinal studies have better internal validity?

Answer 23

they eliminate confounding variables such as difference in parenting styles

Question 24

why is limited sample characteristics a weakness of schaffer and emerson’s study?

Answer 24

they all came from a similar background, area and social class.
child rearing practices vary between cultures and time periods. these results do not necessarily generalise well to other social and historical contexts

Question 25

how does the baby’s behaviour towards non human objects and humans compare in the asocial stage?

Answer 25

similar

Question 26

who do babies show a preference for in the asocial stage and what can those people do easier?

Answer 26

familiar adults, calm them down

Question 27

who are babies happier in the presence of in the asocial stage?

Answer 27

humans

Question 28

what kind of behaviour do babies display in the indiscriminate stage? (simple)

Answer 28

more observable social behaviour

Question 29

who do babies recognise and prefer in the indiscriminate stage?

Answer 29

familiar humans

Question 30

who will babies accept comfort from in the indiscriminate stage?

Answer 30

any adult

Question 31

what kind of behaviour do babies in the indiscriminate stage not show?

Answer 31

separation or stranger anxiety

Question 32

in what situations do babies become anxious in the specific attachment stage?

Answer 32

in the presence of strangers and when separated from a specific adult (usually the mother)

Question 33

what has the baby formed towards the primary attachment figure in the specific attachment stage?

Answer 33

a specific attachment

Question 34

who has the baby formed a specific attachment to in the specific attachment stage?

Answer 34

the primary attachment figure