attachment

Question 1

5 details of the pre attachment stage in Schaffer’s Stages of Attachment

Answer 1

• 0 to 6 weeks
• similar responses to people and objects
• preference for human faces and voices
• limited recognition of specific individuals
• no specific attachment

Question 2

5 details of the indiscriminate attachment stage in Schaffer’s Stages of Attachment

Answer 2

• 6 weeks to 6 months
• preference for people over objects
• no specific attachment; happy to interact with caregivers
• positive response to all caregivers
• more social behaviour; babies actively seek attention and comfort

Question 3

5 details of the specific attachment stage in Schaffer’s Stages of Attachment

Answer 3

• 7 months to 12 months
• specific attachment to primary caregiver
• separation anxiety; shows distress when away from primary caregiver
• stranger anxiety; wary of unfamiliar people
• secure base for exploration; primary caregiver acts as a secure base

Question 4

5 details of the multiple attachments stage in Schaffer’s Stages of Attachment

Answer 4

• 12 months and beyond
• formation of attachments to multiple people
• reduced stranger anxiety
• distress at separation from any attached figure
• increased social awareness and interaction

Question 5

4 features of imprinting

Answer 5

• occurs during a critical period of 4-25 hours after hatching
• young animals form an attachment to the first large moving object they meet
• has long term consequences
• irreversible and determines who they will find attractive when they reach adulthood

Question 6

procedure of Lorenz’s (1935) imprinting in Geese Study

Answer 6

• took 12 geese eggs and kept them until they were about to hatch
• half were placed with goose mother, half in an incubator with Lorenz
• when the eggs hatched, the first things they saw was either Lorenz or the goose mother
• he marked all the eggs to determine naturalness or if it was an incubator one
• to ensure imprinting had occurred, he put them together in an upturned box then released them

Question 7

results of Lorenz’s (1935) imprinting in Geese Study

Answer 7

1. naturally hatched followed mother and incubator hatched follow Lorenz after hatching
2. when released from box the same results occurred
3. bonds proved irreversible
4. found a window/“CRITICAL PERIOD” for imprinting to occur - between 4 to 25 hours after hatching
5. Goslings who imprinted on humans would attempt to mate humans

Question 8

conclusion of Lorenz’s (1935) imprinting in Geese Study

Answer 8

• imprinting is an innate process thats biologically triggered, not learnt
• concept of a CRITICAL PERIOD for forming attachments has been carried over to theories of human attachment
• imprinting is important for later relationships as well as short term survival

Question 9

aim of Harlow’s (1958) study

Answer 9

he wanted to investigate whether attachments were formed through food or comfort

Question 10

procedure of Harlow’s (1958) study

Answer 10

• 16 monkeys separated from mothers immediately after birth and placed in cages with surrogate (fake) mothers
• monkeys in 1 of 4 conditions:
• wire mother produced milk and cloth mother produced none
• wire mother produced no milk and cloth mother produced milk
• wire mother ONLY producing milk
• cloth mother ONLY producing milk