attachment

Question 1

reciprocity

Answer 1

• Trohick et al
• 3 wks old
• tempt mother

Question 2

facial preference

Answer 2

• Johnston + Morton
• less 1 hr old
• schematic

Question 3

interactional synchrony

Answer 3

• Meltzoff + Moore
• 2 weeks
• mirror mum

Question 4

ao3 care giver-infant interactions

Answer 4

+ valid, controlled
X purpose, individual, socio sens

Question 5

imprinting
+ao3

Answer 5

• Lorenz geese
• 32 hr critical period
  + lab
  X generalise? permanance? sensitive periods?

Question 6

Harlow
+ao3

Answer 6

• 8 new born monkeys
• cloth and wire
• cling to cloth even after abuse
  + social workers, contact comfort
  X ethics, generalise?

Question 6

Grossman et al
+ao3

Answer 6

quality of play w dad = teen attachments
+biological
X same sex?

Question 7

Lamb et al
+ao3

Answer 7

ROD
interaction( quantity), accessibility (quality), responsibility
+bio
X same sex?

Question 8

Verissimo et al
+ao3

Answer 8

• 29-38 mnths
• 35 2 parent families
• age 4 reciprocal friends = security with fathers
  + bio
  X same sex? cause +effect

Question 9

Schaffer + Emerson
+ao3

Answer 9

• 60 Glasgow babies
• throughout 1st yr n 18 mnths (longitudinal)
• mums interviewed about child being left 0-3 scale
• separation anxiety= 6-8 mnths
• stranger fear= 9 mnths
• 65% mum, 3% dad, 27% both
• 40% main care giver wasn’t main attachment

+ ethics, variation, ecologically valid
X 1960/ outdated?

Question 10

stage + age + characteristic of children decided by Schaffer + Emerson

Answer 10

• associal (0-6 wks) no specific ppl
• indiscriminate (6 wks- 6 mnths) sociable
• specific (7-10 mnths) seperation anxiety
• multiple (10 mnths+) several

Question 11

learning theory

Answer 11

• CC- Pavlov= food +mum
• OC- Skinner= neg reinforcement to hunger
• drive reduction- Dollard + Miller= rid discomfort

Question 12

evolutionary theory

Answer 12

• Bowlby
• 3 yr critical period
  Adaptive
  Social releasers
  Sensitivity
  IWM
  Continuity

Question 13

learning theory ao3

Answer 13

+ support, control, systematic desensitisation (hierarchy of fears)
X monkeys, evolutionary

Question 14

evolutionary theory ao3

Answer 14

+ Harlows monkeys, support (Hazan + Shavers love quiz)
X Schaffer + Emerson= multiple attachments, learning theory

Question 15

Ainsworth

Answer 15

• 106 m/c infants
• 9x9ft in 16 squares
• every 15 secs in 1-7 scale
• mother + child, left 3 mins, stranger, mum leaves 3 mins, mum returns, child alone, stranger, mum.
• 66% secure, 22% insecure avoidant, 12% insecure resistant

Question 16

Ainsworth ao3

Answer 16

+ useful, love quiz, lab
X ethics, validity, demand characteristics from mothers

Question 17

Van Ijendoorn + Kroonenber

Answer 17

-32 studies of SS
- secure = 75% GB to 50% China
- individualist culture = insecure resistant under 14%
- collectivist culture = above 25%
- results within own country bigger e.g. USA 46% securely and also 90%
- GB highly securely attached, China least
- Germany highly insecure avoidant, Japan least
- Israel highly insecure resistant, GB least

Question 18

Simonelli et al

Answer 18

• 76 babies 12 mnths old
• Italy
• 50% secure, 36% insecure avoidant
• mothers= long hours and childcare

Question 19

cultural variation ao3

Answer 19

+ large sample, problems of understanding language avoided
X imposed etic ( lack of affection means different things), confounding ( size of room, class etc), cross cultural

Question 20

maternal deprivation

Answer 20

• Bowlby
• 44 teenage thieves
• long early separation (IV), social development (DV)
• control= non criminal mentally disturbed
• 14 of the 44 thieves= affectionless psychopaths, 12 of them had long seperation from mothers in first 2 years of life
• 2 of 44 in control long seperations
• 30 months of life is critical period

Question 21

maternal deprivation ao3

Answer 21

+animal studies show this e.g. imprinting
X ww2 orphans, bias, Frued +Dann (6 children in Nazi camps bonded+ no affectionless), Rutter (privation= never had, deprivation= had then lost), sensitive period?

Question 22

Rutter institutionalisation

Answer 22

• hypothesis= Romanian orphans in institutions more likely to develop dis-inhibited attachmentsthan British children adopted early
  -165 Romanian orphans adopted by UK families, 52 UK children= control
  -physical, cog + emotional development assessed at 4,6,11,15, 22-25 yrs.
• age of 11 rates of recovery shown
• adopted before 6 mnths mean IQ= 102, rarely dis-inhibited, caught up with control group by age 4
• adopted after 6 mnths- 2yrs IQ= 86
  -adopted 2yrs+ IQ= 77
  -sensitive period

Question 23

disinhibited attachment

Answer 23

attention seeking, clingy, indiscriminate social behaviour towards all adults, no stranger anxiety

Question 24

rutter institutionalisation ao3

Answer 24

+ real life, few EV (study instituitionalisation not other traumas), orphanges avoid loots of carers X not typical, long terms effects unclear, attrition risk (drop out)

Question 25

Myron-Wilson + Smith

Answer 25

-196 children ages 7-11 living in London - secure= unlikely involved in bullying - insecure avoidant= victims - insecure resistant= bullies - secure= social skilled + popular

Question 26

Moore

Answer 26

- 100 14-15 yrs - secure teens= safe sex

Question 27

Hazan + Shaver

Answer 27

- 620 responses - 56% secure= good long lasting relationships - 25% insecure avoidant= jealous+ scared of intimacy - 19% insecure resistant= fell in love quick but not true love

Question 28

Bailey et al

Answer 28

99 mums same attachment as they did with their mums

Question 29

ao3 for childhood + adult relationships

Answer 29

X Zimmerman (little relationship between the 2), validity, retrospective (looking back), cause +effect, exaggerated, IWM unconscious so hard to study

Question 30

reactive attachment disorder RAD

Answer 30

- infants= weak cry response, constant whining, sensitive to touch, rage, poor sucking, poor eye contact, whining, no reciprocal smiles etc - children= lack of conscience, lack of eye contact apart from when lying, difficulty giving+ getting affection, demanding, lack of peer relationships, unusual eating etc autistic like symptoms