Attachment

Question 1

learning theory and attachment

Learning Theory

Answer 1

• Dollard and Miller
• caregiver and infant attachment
• aka cubboard love
• attachment figure is a provider of food

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Learning Theory

Answer 2

• learning through association
• food = unconditioned stimulus
• caregiver is neutral stimulus
• pleasure = unconditioned response

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Learning Theory

Answer 3

• learning from consequnces
• the baby cries
• caregiver provides food so the crying stops
• caregiver recieves negative reinforcement as tghe baby stops crying
• two way mutual reinforcement
• strong attachment

Question 4

Attachment is a secondary drive

Learning Theory

Answer 4

• draws on the concept of drive reduction
• hunger is a primary drive
• I-> its innate and biological
• sears suggested if the caregiver provides food it becomes generalised so association occurs and attachment is secondary.
• association is formed between the caregiver and satisfaction of the primary drive.

Question 5

Learning Theory evaluation

Learning Theory

Answer 5

• opposing evidence-> lorenz geese imprinted on the first thing they saw regardless on association with food. harlows monkeys displayed attachemnt to the comfort mother over the food
• I-> cant be generalised as animals and humans are not the same
• reductionist
• conditioning may play a role as babies tend to form an attachment based on who cares for them

Question 6

Bowlbys monotropic theory

Bowlbys theory

Answer 6

• proposed an evolountianary explanation
• attachment is innate that gives a survival adavantage
• made up of 9 parts

Question 7

MISS CRIED

Monotropy

Bowlbys theory

Answer 7

• vital close bond with 1 figure
• dosent rule out other attachments
• primary bond which is the most important

Question 8

MISS CRIED

Innate

Bowlbys theory

Answer 8

• inborn and natural
• come into the world pre programmed to form attachements to help them survive

Question 9

MISS CRIED

Survival

Bowlbys theory

Answer 9

• state or fact of continuing to live or exist
• attachment is more likely to ensure survival
• lorenz and geese

Question 10

MISS CRIED

Social releasers

Bowlbys theory

Answer 10

• innate behaviours
• help ensure proximity and contact
• crawling and smiling

Question 11

MISS CRIED

Critical period

Bowlbys theory

Answer 11

• period of development where a child must form an attachment
• humans = 2.5 years
• however bowlby suggested the 2 years was a sensitive period rather thanb critical

Question 12

MISS CRIED

Reciprocal

Bowlbys theory

Answer 12

• given or felt by each, towards the other
• over time the focus shifts from having needs met to opportunities which benefit each party

Question 13

MISS CRIED

Internal working model

Bowlbys theory

Answer 13

• from early attachment a child develops a cognitive framework
• comprimises metal representations for understanding the world
• serves as a model for waht all relationships are like
• acts as a schema for relationships

> led to the development of continuity hypotheses childhood attachment style effect later realtionships

Question 14

MISS CRIED

Evoloutionary

Bowlbys theory

Answer 14

• based on darwin
• aspects of cognition and brain structure

Question 15

MISS CRIED

Dire consequences

Bowlbys theory

Answer 15

• extremely serious
• child should recieve continous care
• distruption acn vcause long term or permenant consequences

Question 16

Bowlby evaluation

Answer 16

• monotropy is socially sensentive -> implications for mothers lifestyles and allows for discrimination. disregards the second parent
• bailey et al -> 99 mother baby pairs, found mothers who repoted poor attachment to their parents were more likely to for por attachment to their child.
• temperment may be just as important -> some babies are born more anxious / curious which could impact attachment
• supporting evidence-> buess et al found attchment to mother was a good predictor for future relationships

Question 17

The strange situation

The strange situation- Ainsworth

Answer 17

AIM: observe key attachment behaviours as a means of observing babys attacment to caregiver.
procedure
- controlled observation
- lab study thgrough two way mirror
1. baby encouraged to explore
2. stranger comes in
3. cargeiver leaves baby alone with stranger
4. caregiver returns and stranger leaves
5. baby is alone
6. stranger returns
7. cargeiver returns and is reunited

Question 18

Behaviours used to judge attachment

The strange situation- Ainsworth

Answer 18

• proximity seeking- stays close to caregiver
• secure base - happy to explore but uses the caregiver as a base for contact
• stranger anxiety- anxiety with stranger
• seperation anxity- protest of seperation
• reunion behaviour- pleaure and seek confident

Question 19

Findings

The strange situation- Ainsworth

Answer 19

3 main types of attachment
- secure -> explore but seek proximity, moderate sepration and stranger anxiety, accepot comfort at reunion.
- insecure avoindant -> explore but dont seek proximity, low seperation and stranger anxiety. avoid conatact at reunion
- insecure resistnat -> dont explore and seek proximit, high levesl of seperationa and stranger anxiety, at reunioun seek proximity but not easily calmed

Question 20

Evaluation

The strange situation- Ainsworth

Answer 20

• real life application- predicts how later relationships will be like. measures something meaningful
• however kagan suggested that a child with anxiety or other conditions could account for attachment type so maybe ainsworth doesnt measure attachment
• good inter-rater reliability- obserbvers agreed 94% of the time. very unsubgjective as behaviours were categorised before hand
• culture bound- developed in uk and us so only used those subjects. different cultures have different expectations for children e.g independance and communities
• too simplistic
• different levels of responsivness is parents
• child acnt consent
• bad ecological validity- lab study

Question 21

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg

Culture variations

Answer 21

• looked at proportions across range of countries to test cultural variation
  proceduer
• 32 studies where the strange situation had been used in 8 countries
• 15 in the us
• meta analysed the results

Question 22

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg
Findings

Culture variations

Answer 22

• GB: 75% secure
• Sweden:74% secure
• Japan: 68% secure
• Netherlands: 67% secure
• US: 64% secure
• Israel: 64% secure
• Germany: 55% secure
• China: 50% secure

Question 23

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg
Evaluation

Culture variations

Answer 23

• used indigenous researchers meant that cross culture issues were avoided- communication was successful which increased validity
• however a few studies were not performed by indigegous people so their data may have been affected by bias and difference in cross cultural communication
• comfounding variables- not got matched metrhodology, poverty and social characteristics can confound results so they might not show cross culural differences just inter culture differences
• imposed etic- test designed for one culture wil work on another, lack of affection in uk shows avoidant but lack of affection in germany this would be interpreted as independance.

Question 24

internal working model

Influence of early attachment on later relationships

Answer 24

• internal working model acts as a template for future childhood and adult relationships
• good primary attachment = good future relationship
• bad primary attachment = bad future relationship

Question 25

relationship in childhood

Influence of early attachment on later relationships

Answer 25

• securley attached babies crete good childhood relationships
• insecure babies tend to be bullied
• resistant babies tend to be bullies
• wilson and smith assed each attachment type with childhood relationships through questionaire

Question 26

Realationships in adulthood

Influence of early attachment on later relationships

Answer 26

• internal working model affects two adult experiances- romantic relationships and parenthood
  romantic
• hazan and shaver
• 620 replies of love quiz
• 56% secure
• 25% avoindant
• 19% resistant
• secure most liekly to have good long lasting relationships
• avoidant had fear of intamacy and jelousy
  parenthood
• reflect how they were raised
• bailey
• 99 mother baby pairs
• those who self reported poor attachment in childhood had avoidant or resistant babies

Question 27

Evaluation

Influence of early attachment on later relationships

Answer 27

• supporting evidence - roisman concluded early attachment predcts emotional wellbeing and ability to form relationships later in life
• however not all evidence supports regenberg followed 43 individuals from age 1. at 16 there was noe evidence of continuity . no clear evidence to show the link
• issues with validity- most studies not longitudinal so only ask adolescent there relationship with parent - relient on them telling the truth (social desirability) if you dont re test how can you prove it has an effect
• confounding variables- genetics may play a part