Attachment

Question 1

effects of insitutionalisation

Answer 1

low IQ
Disinhibited attachment

Question 2

outline Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 2

prolonged separation can have a major effect on development: intellectual,social,emotional and it can lead to the continuity hypothesis and having issues with future relationships

Question 3

using an example of an attachment research study, explain what is meant by insitutionalisation

Answer 3

Rutter’s Romanian orphanage study is an example of insitutionalisation as they were cared for by the state with very little emotional care which led to development issues such as IQ Rutter found those adopted later had low IQ than those adopted earlier has higher IQs

Question 4

what is meant by the term reciprocity in the context of care-giver infant interactions

Answer 4

2 way process, each induvidual responds to the others signals and is mutual

Question 5

names stages of attachment indentified by schaffer and emerson

Answer 5

Asocial stage
Indiscriminate stage
discriminate stage
multiple attachment stage

Question 6

outline findings from research into role of the father in attachment

Answer 6

Schaffer and Emerson found that, 75% of infants had formed an attachment with the father at 18 months. Fathers may preform an equal but different role. Father provides play and encourages risk taking behaviour however if father is single hes likely to take on maternal role

Question 7

what is meant by attachment

Answer 7

emotional relationship between 2 people and seeks close proximity with them

Question 8

what is meant by interactional synchrony

Answer 8

mother and child interact in such way where behaviour and expressions are mirrored simultaneously

Question 9

strength of reciprocity

Answer 9

research support by meltzoof and moore- facial expressions made to infants. infants response was recorded and observed by people blind to the experiment. Infants response matched facial done. infants are able to reciprocate by imitation

Question 10

strength of interactional synchrony

Answer 10

research support by codon sander- recorded adults and newborn interact. they found interactional synchrony between adults and neonates (newborns) movements & rhythmic patterns of adult speech

Question 11

evaluate caregiver infant interactions ( no research support)

Answer 11

+ High control of infant behaviour means high internal validity

• infants cannot directly communicate thoughts and emotions so research depends on inferences that are assumptions

-social sensitivity as child rearing techniques are different and women who work cannot develop high levels of interactional synchrony

Question 12

describe and explain stages of attachment listed schaffer and emerson

Answer 12

asocial- babies display innate behviours to be in close proximity

Indiscriminate- infants can differ between objects and humans and recognise familiar people no stranger and separation anxiety

specific- strong attachment to primary caregiver. separation anxiety and stranger anxiety

Multiple- baby has attachment with others like grandparents and siblings. less stranger anxiety and separation anxiety

Question 13

describe and explain Lorenz’s study

Answer 13

12 grey lag geese 6 hatched in an incubator with Lorenz and 6 hatched naturally. Gosling who saw Lorenz first imprinted on Lorenz and those who imprinted on mother goose followed her. he found that the critical period is 32 hours and pas that they don’t imprint

Question 14

describe and explain Harlows study

Answer 14

16 rhesus monkeys reared apart from their biological mother. 1 surrogate mother provided food and the other comfort (wired). they founds that the monkeys spent most time with the cloth mother instead of food one, when monkeys were scared they’d go to cloth mother and only went to food when needed

Question 15

describe and explain Bowlby’s monotropic theory

Answer 15

infants have an innate drive to form an attachment and be in close proximity . the strong attachment is important for their survival as mums provide food and security. To develop this monotropic relationship babies have social releasers that are behavioural and emotional charateristic attracting caregivers attention e.g smiling and crying. Monotropic attachhment must form within the first 30 months after birth. lack of monotropy leads to social, intellectual, emotional consequences. This monotropic attachment is used as a template for future relationships with consistent care strong attachment is formed and the strength of this can be seen in safe base behaviour