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a level psychology > attachment > Flashcards

attachment Flashcards

1
Q

what is attachment

A

a close emotional bond between two people charachterised by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity
a two way process that endures over time

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2
Q

how do children show they are attached/ attachment behaviours

A

proximity seeking
separation protest
pleasure at reunion
secure base effect
stranger anxierty
general orientation of behaviour towards carer

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3
Q

proximity seeking

A

desire to be physically close to the carer and anxiety when cant be

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4
Q

separation protest

A

distress at seperation from carer

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5
Q

pleasure at reunion

A

quickly settled upon being reunited with carer

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6
Q

secure base effect

A

willingness to explore enviornment when carer is near
infant will usually check regularly that carer is still in sight and will demonstrate social referencing ie reading facial expressions of the carer to see if its safe to continue

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7
Q

stranger anxiety

A

distress at stranger interaction (although strangers can have a novelty factor and in a safe environment infants may approach a stranger)

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8
Q

general orientation of behaviour towards carer

A

carer will be the focus eg pointing things out to the carer more than other people

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9
Q

what are the two caregiver infant interactions

A

reciprocity
interactional synchrony

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10
Q

aim of meltzoff and moore’s study

A

controlled laboratory observation
to investigate infant-carer interactions- interactional synchrony

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11
Q

procedure of meltzoff and moore

A

adult model presented one of 3 facial expressions- tongue protrusion, mouth opening and lip protrusion and hand opening
infants expressions monitored
independent observers who hadnt seen what the models were doing judged infants behaviours on basis of specific categories; mouth opening, termination of mouth opening, tongue protrusion and termination of tongue protrusion

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12
Q

findings of meltzoff and moore

A

infants of 2-3 weeks old imitated the facial and hand expressions of models

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13
Q

what did Murray and Trevarthen find about interactional synchrony

A

infants and mothers interacted via video monitor and infants saw a video of the mother- mother wasnt responding to infants movements or gestures
infants became distressed which suggests they were actively seeking a response from the mother rather than just giving a response that has previously been rewarded
supports meltzoff and moore that interactional synhcorny is innate

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14
Q

interactional synchrony

A

when two people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of their facial and body movements- this includes imitating emotions as well as behaviours
this is described as synchrony when two or more things move in the same pattern

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15
Q

reciprocity

A

responding to the action of another with a similar action, where the actions of one elicit a response from the partner
the responses are not necessarily similar as in interactional synchrony

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16
Q

how does Keopke challenge the findings of Meltzoff and Moore

A

failed to replicate research by Meltzoff and Moore
however m and m argued it was because it was less carefully controlled

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17
Q

evaluation of meltzoff and moore- what is a problem with testing infant behaviour

A

expressions tested occur frequently- tongue sticking out, yawning, smiling
this maks it difficult to distinguish between general activity and specific imitated behaviours

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18
Q

what theory looks at how attachment between infant and carer develops

A

stages in the development of attachment theory
Glasgow Babies- Schaffer and Emerson

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19
Q

what was the aim of the glasgow babies study

A

an investigation into the development of infant attachments

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20
Q

procedure of schaffer and emerson

A

longitudinal study of 60 babies from working class area of glasgow
start- infants ranged from 5 to 23 weeks
infants studies until age of 1
mothers visited every 4 weeks
at each visit mother reported infants response to separation in 7 everyday situations eg being left alone in a seperate room
mother asked to describe intensity of any protest- rated on a 4 point scale
stranger anxiety measured by assessing infants response to interviewer at each visit

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21
Q

findings of the glasgow babies study

A

between 25 and 32 weeks 50% of babies showed signs if seperation anxiety towards a particular adult- usually mother whoch shows a specific attachment
attachment tended to be to the caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to infant signals and a=facial expressions

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22
Q

multiple attachment

A

having more than one attachment figure

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23
Q

primary attachment figure

A

the person who has formed the closest bond with a child, demonstrated by the intensity of the relationship
usually a chlds biological mother

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24
Q

separation anxiety

A

the distress shown by an infant when seperated from his/her caregiver

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25
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the distress shown by an infant when approached or picked by someone who is unfamiliar

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26
Q

what are the different stages of attachment

A

indiscriminate attachments
the begginings of attachment
discriminate attachment
multiple attachments

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27
Q

indiscriminate attachments

A

from birth-2 months infant produces similar responses to all objects- animate or inanimate
towards end- show greater preference for social stimuli - smiling face
reciprocity and interactional synchrony are involved in establishing infants relationship with others

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28
Q

the begginings of attachment

A

2-4 months
4 months- infant becomes more social
prefer human company to inanimate objects and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people
no stranger anxiety
general sociability

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29
Q

discriminate attachments

A

4-7 months
by 7 months infants show separation anxiety
joy at reuinion wih particular person- formed their primary attachment figure
shows stranger anxiety

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30
Q

multiple attachments

A

7-9 months
after main attachment made the infant develops a wider circle of multiple attachments

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31
Q

conclusion of schaffer and emersons glasgow babies study

A

attachment devellops in stages with different behaviours exhibited at different stages
led to stages of attachment theory

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32
Q

how does schaffer and emersons study lack internal validity

A

some mothers may have been more sensitive to infants protests and reported them more than those less sensitive- challenges internal validity and basis of stage theory
social desirability bias may also be an issue- tendancy to under report socially undesirable attitudes and behaviours and to only report more desirable attributes

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33
Q

how does culture bias limit schaffer and emersons study

A

stage theory based in the uk- a individualist culture
collectivist cultures where children cared for in communities eg Kibbutz Israel found children less likely to show close attcachment to a parent
lacks cross cultural validity

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34
Q

what factors affect the relationship between fathers and children

A

degree of sensitivity
type of attachment with own parents
marital intimacy
supportive co parenting

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35
Q

degree of sensitivity

A

more secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to childrens needs

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36
Q

type of attachment with own parents

A

single parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their own parents

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37
Q

marital intimacy

A

the degree of intimacy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type of attachment he will have with his children

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38
Q

supportive co parenting

A

the amount of support a father gives to his partner in helping to care for children affects the type of attachment he will have with his children

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39
Q

what did Geiger find about the role of the father

A

fathers play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable than mothers
mothers are more nurturing and affectionate- supports idea of fathers being playmates rather than caregivers

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40
Q

what did Lamb 1987 find about the role of the father

A

children prefer interacting with fathers when in a posotive emotional state- seeking stimulation- mothers preferred when children are distressed and seeking comfort- supports idea of fathers being preffered as playmates but only in certain conditions
also found that fathers who become main care providers seem to be able to quickly develop more sensitivity to childrens needs and become a safe base from which to explore which suggests sensitive responsiveness isnt a biological ability limited to women

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41
Q

what did Brown find about the role of the father

A

assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12-13 months and found high levels of supportive co parenting related to secure attachment types between infants and fathers but not between infants and mothers- suggests supportive co parenting is important for fathers in developing posotive attachments with their children

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42
Q

what did Pederson find to evaluate the role of the father

A

children who grow up without fathers have been seen to do less well at school and have higher levels of risk taking and aggression especially in boys- suggests fathers can help prevent negative developmental outcomes
Pederson pointed out that most studies focused on female single mothers from poor socio economic backgrounds- so it may be a social factor related to poverty that produces these outcomes not the absence of fathers

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43
Q

who looked at animal studies of attachment

A

Lorenz
Harlow

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44
Q

what did Harlow study

A

mechanisms by which newborn rhesus monkeys bond with their mothers
infants were highly dependent on their mothers for nutrition, comfort and socialisation

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45
Q

what was the basis of the rhesus monkeys attachment to their mothers

A

behavioural theory would suggest an infant would form an attachment with a caregiver that provides food
harlows explanation was that attachment develops as a result of the mother providing ‘tactile comfort’ suggesting infants have an innate (biological) need to touch and cling to something for emotional comfort

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46
Q

what was the procedure of Harlows monkeys experiment

A

two wire monkeys- one with milk and one with cloth
8 monkeys useed to see which one they would spend most time with
scared the monkey and put it into a different environment with lots of stimuli

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47
Q

findings of Harlows monkeys experiment

A

monkeys spent most time with the cloth covered mother
when frightened all monkeys clung to the cloth covered mother
]attachment behaviour was demonstrated towards the cloth mother when frightened

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48
Q

conclusions of harlows monkeys

A

attachment is based off contact comfort

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49
Q

what is a limitation of Harlows monkeys study

A

problem with using non human animals in research
their cognitive capacity differs from humans- is it appropriate to generalise the research from findings

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50
Q

how can confounding variables be used to criticise harlows monkeys study

A

confounding variable- any variable that hasnt been controlled for and may influence the findings- affects internal validity
lab experiment- highly controlled

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51
Q

what did Lorenz investigate

A

the evolutionary explanation of attachment suggesting infants are pre programmed to form attachments from the second they are born

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52
Q

aim of lorenzs study

A

to investigate the mechanisms of imprinting where youngsters follow and form an attachment to the first large moving object they meet

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53
Q

procedure of lorenzs study

A

split greylag goose eggs into two batches
one hatched naturally with mother and other in an incubator- lorenz being first moving object they saw
goslings behaviour recorded
marked goslings so he knew whih had hatched in incubator and which had natched naturally
placed goslings in upturned box and released them and behaviour was recorded

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54
Q

findings of Lorenz

A

after birth naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother whilst incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz- showed no bond to natural mother
bonds proved to be irreversible
process of imprinting occured a short time after birth- between 4 and 25 hours

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55
Q

conclusion of lorenzs study

A

imprinting is a form of attachment exhibited mainly by nidifugous birds- ones who have to leave the nest early - contact is kept with the first large moving object encountered

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56
Q

imprinting definition

A

an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother (carer) which takes place during a specific time in development- 48 hours according to Lorenz
he said if it didnt happen then it never would

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57
Q

what is a strength of lorenzs study

A

findings have been highly influential within developmental psychology
eg the fact that imprinting is seen to be irreversible suggests attachment formation is under biological control and attachment formation happens within a specific time frame
lead to developmental psychologists (Bowlby) develop well recognised theories of attachment suggesting attachment formation takes place during a critical period and is a biological process- such theories have been highly influential in the way child care is administered today

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58
Q

explanations for attachment

A

learning theory (a behaviourist approach)
Bowlbys monotropy theory (an evolutionary approach)

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59
Q

fundamental belief of learning theory of attachment

A

all behaviour is learned
attachment is a learned behaviour- as opposed to it being innate
behavioursists believe food is gthe basis of attachment and can be explained therough classical and operant conditioning

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60
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning occurs through association
mother becomes associated with food=pleasure

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61
Q

how does attachment occur through classical conditioning

A

food is UCS elicits UCR of pleasure from infant
mother is a NS
when repeatedly paired with food becomes associated with it and becomes a conditioned stimulus
elicits now conditioned response of pleasure
carer then becomes a source of pleasure without the food and an attachment forms

62
Q

operant conditioning

A

based on principles of reward and punishment increasing and decreasing the likelehood of a behaviour recurring

63
Q

reinforcement

A

something in the environment that strengthens a particular behaviour and so makes it more likely to recur

64
Q

posotive reinforcement

A

a posotive consequence to a behaviour is added eg food

65
Q

negative reinforcement

A

something unpleasant is removed as a conseuqence to a behaviour eg hunger

66
Q

punishment

A

an undesirable consequence follows a behaviour making it less likely to recur

67
Q

what is the operant conditioning explanation for attachment based on

A

drive reduction theory (drives motivate behaviour)
hunger is an uncomfortable drive so we are motivated to remove it
when baby is fed the unpleasant hunger drive is reduced/removed and this is rewarding as it produces pleasure= negative reinforcement
food is primary reinforcer and the person supplying the food is a secondary reinforcer who eventually becomes a source of pleasure and attachment

68
Q

limitation of learning theory

A

is food really the basis of attachment?
Harlows findings on contact comfort
Schaffer and Emersons findings on feeding and primary attachments
learning theory largeley based on studies with non human animals such as skinners research with pigeons- may lack validity and be an over simplified version of human behaviour

69
Q

how is drive reduction theory a limitation of learning theory

A

no longer used by psychologists
can only explain a limited number of behaviours
many things have nothing to do with reducing discomfort - some things people do increase discomfort eg bunjee jumping
theory doesnt adeuately explain how secondary reinforcers work

70
Q

Key points of Bowlbys Monotropy theory

A

innate-promotes survival
equipped with social releasers- ways of getting attention eg smiling- will enhance interactional synchrony and reciprocity
leads to child forming a template for future relationships- would give them an internal working model-lead to development of his contuniuty hypothesis- expectations for future relationships

71
Q

what does monotropy mean

A

monotropy means one
infant will form one attachment that is more significant than any other - do this withinn a critical period

72
Q

what did monotropy theory suggest about a critical period

A

attachment most likely to tale place between 3-8 months
later changed to be called a sensitive period suggesting this was their optimal point for forming attachments
could be stretched to 2-3 years but after they would be unable to form one if they hadnt alrwady

73
Q

whats an internal working model

A

what a child should get from a relayionship
negative experience- negative working model
]if they didnt form relationships they probably never would (2-3 years)

74
Q

bowlbys monotropy theory evaluation- is attachment adaptive

A

attachment is adaptive and very important in emotional development
however it is questionable whether ir is needed for survivak, as it is developed at 3 months so this is a late mechanism to protect infants
human infants start crawling at 6 months so attachment is vital and thats when attachment develops

75
Q

what evidence is their to challenge bowlbys monotropy theory

A

evidence to suggest secondary attachments have a role in development
the multiple attachment model proposes all attachments are simply integrated into one single internal working model
bowlbys theory- secondary attachments contribute to social development but healthy development requires a central person ‘higher’ than others
grossman- research on infant-father attachment suggests a key role of fathers as secondary attachments and in social development
prior and glaser- research review evidence points to the hierarchal model

76
Q

how does Kagans temprament hypothesis provide an alternative view to Bowlbys monotropy theory

A

proposes an infants innate emotional personality (temprament) may explain attachment behaviour
infants with an easy temprament are more likely to become strongly attached
this is because they are easier to interact with
whereas those who are ‘difficult’ tend to be securely attached

77
Q

what did belsky and rovine find that supported kagans view

A

infants 1-3 days old who had signs of behaviour instability (more tempramentally difficult) were later judged to be more likely to have developed a insecure attachment
supporting research for kagans view- found mothers perception of their infants temprament influenced mothers responsiveness

78
Q

what key study looked at monotropy theory

A

Hazan and Shaver

79
Q

aim of hazan and shaver

A

to test the internal working model
‘‘continuity hypothesis’’

80
Q

procedure of hazan and shaver

A

advert in local newspaper had to answer questions on
early attachment experience
current relationship style
correlational research- looking to see if there was a correlation between early attachment experience and later relationship style

81
Q

findings of hazan and shaver

A

early attachment style was similar to current attachment within relationship ie posotive correlation between early attachment type and current love experience eg if classified as securely attached as infants they were likely to be more trusting, accepting of partners and have more enduring relationships

82
Q

support for bowlbys monotropy theory

A

support for continuity hypothesis from hazan and shaver
also support from sroufe in the minesota parent-child study

83
Q

limitations of bowlbys monotropy theory

A

challenge for continuity hypothesis from zimmerman
shaffer and emerson found multiple attachments was the norm
sensitive period rather than a critical period more appropriate

84
Q

who investigated types of attachment

A

mary ainsworths strange situation

85
Q

what did mary ainsworth want to test

A

test and classify individual differences in attachment and so developed the strange situation

86
Q

what was the strange situation

A

a controlled laboratory observation to test nature of attachment by putting infants between 9 and 18 months under mild stress to see their reactions and classify their attachment type
each stage lasts 2-3 minutes
identify attachment behaviours
essential reunion behaviour

87
Q

what three attachment types did mary ainsworth conclude there are

A

secure
insecire resistant
insecure avoidant

88
Q

procedure of strange situation

A

consists of 8 episodes
each designed to highlight certain behaviours
caregiver and stranger alternatively stay with infant/leave enables infants response to
separation from caregiver (separation anxiety)
reunion with caregiver (reunion behaviour)
response to a stranger (stranger anxiety)
the novel environment which aims to encourage exploration-tests secure base concept

89
Q

findings of strange situation

A

combined data from studies- 106 middle class infants observed
similarities and differences in ways infants behaved
similarity- exploratory behaviours declined in all infants from episode 2 onwards but amount of crying increased
differences- found 3 main patterns of behaviour in infants observed
secure attachment
insecure attachment
insecure resistant

90
Q

secure attachment

A

strong and contented attachment of an infant to his or her caregiver
develops as a result of sensitive responding by the caregiver to the infants needs
securely attached infants are comfortable with social interaction and intimacy
secure attachment is related to healthy subsequent cognitive and emotional development

91
Q

insecure avoidant

A

a type of attachment which describes those children who tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others

92
Q

insecure resistant

A

a type of attachment which describes those infants who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction

93
Q

how can the strange situation be evaluated in terms of reliability and validity

A

reliable measure of attachment- good test restest, good inter rater
observations had high reliability
reliability important in observational studies
measurements confirmed as meaningful
there is agreement among observers- inter rater reliability
ainsowrth found a 0.94 agreement between raters when rating exploratory behaviour

94
Q

does the strange situation have cross cultural validity

A

cultural differences
grossman and grossman
found high levels of insecure avoidant attachment in german infants compared to other cultures
suggests differences in childcare practices in german culture creating interpersonal distance between parent and infant
no proximity seeking behaviour shown

95
Q

what did Takahashi find

A

strange situation with 60 middle class Japanese infants
infants showed similar secure attachment as the original US infant study
Japanese infants showed no sign of insecure avoidant but high insecure resistant
90% of Japanese infants showed extreme stress so study had to end
found cultural variations in attachment may be a result of different childcare practices
Japanese children rarely separated from moter- US infants more likely to experience separation from mothers

96
Q

evaluation of strange situation- maternal reflective functioning

A

arguement that maternal reflective functioning is key to the attachment type
ainsworth suggested that secure attachment was linked to maternal sensitiity has been criticised by later researchers
Raval found low correlations between measures of maternal sensitivity and strength of attachment
Slade found a greater role for maternal reflective functioning
maternal reflective functioning is the ability to understand what someone else is thinking and feeling
suggests maternal reflective thinking rather than sensitivity may be the cetral mechanism in establishing attachment type

97
Q

real world application of the strange situation

A

The circle of security project
teachers/caregivers to better understand their infants signals of distress and to increase their understanding of what it feels like to feel anxious showed a decrease in no. of caregivers classed as disordered from 60% to 15%
increase in infants classed as securely attached from 32% to 40%
this supports research on attachment types- research can be used to improve childrens lives

98
Q

cultural variations

A

variations in social practices between groups and its effects

99
Q

culture bound

A

a social practice unique to the group

100
Q

research into cultural variations in attachment

A

Van ijzendorn and kroonenberg
grossman and grossman
takahashi

101
Q

meta analysis

A

when a researcher examines the findings of a number of studies and creates a statistic to represent the overall effecy

102
Q

individualistic culture

A

when a community prioritises the individual over the community

103
Q

collectivist cullture

A

emphasises the needs and goals of the group as a whole rather than the needs and desires of each individual

104
Q

cultural variations

A

the way in which different groups of people differ in relation to their social practices and how this impacts development and behaviour

105
Q

inter cultural

A

differences of the findings between different countries/cultures

106
Q

intra cultural

A

differences of the findings within the same culture

107
Q

imposed etic

A

is a form of cultural bias when a researcher has devised a measuring tool in one culture and assume it can be measured in another culture

108
Q

what did Van Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg research

A

conducted meta analysis in 1988 of findings from 32 countries who had explored attachment behaviour
over 2000 studies which hd used the strange situation in over 8 countries were explored

109
Q

what was the aim of van ijendoorn and kroonenberg

A

to understand whetger inter cultural and intra cultural variations existed

110
Q

what inter cultural variations did van ijzendoorn and krooneneberg find

A

found small differneces between cultures/countries
secure attachment was the most common classification in every country
insecure avoidant was the second most common attachment in every ciuntry except israel and japan

111
Q

what intra cultural variations did van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg find

A

variation within countries was 1.5 times greater than the variation between cultures- could be to do with childcare practices

112
Q

what cultural differences did grossman and grossman find

A

higher levels of insecure avoidant attachment amongst german infants compared to other cultures
suggest this may be due to different childcare practices such as german culture involves interpersonal distance between parent and child
results in infant not displaying proximity seeking behaviour and so appears to have an insecure attachment in strange situation

113
Q

what did Takahashi do

A

conducted strange situation with 60 middle class japanese infants

114
Q

what did Takahashi find

A

infants showed siilar secure attachment as the original study conducted with USA infants
however japanese infants showed no insecure avoidant attachment but high rates of insecure resistant (32%)- show lots of distress and dont know what to do in situation

115
Q

evaluation of cross cultural research

A

similarities in global culture
bowlbys theory of attachment suggests attachment is universal because attachment is an innate mechanism and therefore is not influenced by culture
]van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg suggest cultural similarities of attachment may be a result of media influences which project ideas about parenting and therefore children aross world are exoosed to similar influences
suggests attachment isnt relatrd to a biological process byt global culture

116
Q

use of strange situation to measure attachment style

A

all of the research investigating attachment patterns has used the strange situation to measure and this has been criticised as an ‘imposed etic’ as strange situation ias based on western values and childcare practices
can be argued the tool isnt measuring attachment style just infants reaction to a strange and stressful situation

117
Q

bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

A

hypothesis about the conseuqences of a child becoming separated from their primary attachment figure for frequent and/or prolongued periods
suggested the consequences would be negative and irreversible

118
Q

key assumptions of the theory of maternal deprivation

A

importance of a continuos warm relationship between the infant and primary attachment figure- at the time it was thought cleanliness and food were most important to child development but Bowlby introduced the idea that psychological care and nurturing were equally important to healthy development
without this care the child can become emotionally disturbed and development would suffer interllectually emotionally and socially
critical period- for this con tinuous relationship was the forst 2 and a 1/2 years altho he maintained the risk could continue up to 5 years
bowlby suggested this emotional maladjustment would be irreversible and permanent and could result in juvenile delinquency

119
Q

aim of the 44 thieves

A

to test his maternal deprivation hypothesis

120
Q

procedure of the 44 thieves

A

bowlby analysed history of patients in child guidance clinic
all children in the clinic were emotionally maladjusted
half had been caught stealing and other half were a control group
bowlby suggested that some ‘thieves’ were affectionless psycopaths- lacked normal signs of affection, shame or sense of responsibility

121
Q

findings of the 44 thieves

A

bowlby founs those diagnosed as affectionless had experienced early separations from their mothers (86%)
almost no control participants experienced early separations
early separations- consistent/repeated stays in foster homes or hosiptals

122
Q

conclusion of 44 thieves

A

suggests that early separayions are linked to affectionless psychopathy
lack of continuouscare may cause emotional maladjustment or mental disorders

123
Q

criticisms of the 44 thieves

A

rsearcher buyace- conducted all himself- developed hypothesis and research, expectancy effects
he assumed cause and effect- shouldnt have dome as this was correlational research- other things could influence findings- was just after the war- many things could affect kids becoming delinquent

124
Q

support from Bifulco for the maternal deprivation hypothesis

A

found that of women who had experienced separation from mothers for at least a year 25% later developed depression or an anxiety disorder
there wree greater mental health problems in those who had experienced this before age 6- supporting the notion of a critical period and vulnerability

125
Q

evlauation of maternal deprivation theory

A

not just phsycial separation- emotional separation may also risk deprivation
eg Yarrow found that when mothers experience depression- 55% of those children were insecurely attached compared to 29% in controls

126
Q

individual differences as an evaluation point for maternal deprivation hypothesis

A

research has shown children who are securely attached may cope better with separation eg Bolwbys 1956 TB study found of those children isolated with TB 63% were emotionally maladjusted howeever there were no singificant intellectual differences between them and controls
he concluded that those who coped better may have been more securely attached and therefore had more resilience

127
Q

what study looked at effects of institutionalisation

A

romanian orphans study

128
Q

effects of institutionalisation

A

physical underdevelopment
intellectual under functioning
disinhibited attachment
poor parenting

128
Q

physical underdevelopment

A

children in institutional care are physically small
research (Gardner) showed that lack of emotional care rather than poor nourishment is the cause of deprivation dwarfism

129
Q

intellectual underfunctioning

A

cognitive development is affected by emotional deprivation

130
Q

disinhibited attachment

A

form of inseure attachment
children dont discriminate between the people they choose as attachment figures
so they will treat strangers with innapropriate familiarity (overfriendliness) and may be attention seeking

131
Q

poor parenting

A

harlow suggested that monkeys raised with surrogate mothers went on to become poor parrents
supported by Quinton- compared 50 women reared in institutions (childrens homes) with a control group of 50 women reared in their 20s, it was found that the ex institutional women were experiencing extreme difficluties acting as parents
more of the ex institutional women had children who spent time in care

132
Q

who did a study looking at the effects of insitutionalisation

A

Rutter and Sonuga Barke 2010

133
Q

what did rutter and sonuga barkes study involve

A

165 romanian children living in institutions during their early years and who thus suffered the effects of instiutionalisation
111 of tjem were adopted before 2 years and a further 54 were adopted by age of 4
their physica; congitive and social development was tested at age 4,6,11,15 with info from parents and teachers
progress was compared to a group of 54 english children who were adopted within the uk before 6 months

134
Q

what did the findings of rutter and sonuga barke show

A

their progress was behind that od the english adoptees at ever age eg they were smaller, weighed less and were classified as mentally retarded at age two however by 4 some had cought up with english adoptees- true for almost all whp had been adopted by age of 6 months
those adopted after age 6 months had significant deficits such as disinhibited attachment and problems with peer relationships
findings suggest that long term effects of instiutionalisation may not be so severe if the children are adopted by age 6 months- giving them cance to form attachments but if not given this opportunity the consequences are likely to be severe

135
Q

what did Zeanah find about the effects of instiutionalisation

A

looked at romanian children who had spent an average of 90% of their lives in an orphanage and compared them to romanian controls who had not been in institutions for instances of disinhibited attachment disorder
this disorder was found in many of the orphans

136
Q

what is deprivation dwarfism

A

lack of physical growth resulting from a lack of emotional care
is an effect of instiutionalisation

137
Q

what behaviours does the internal working model influence

A

childhood friendships
romantic relationships
mental health
poor parenting

138
Q

how does the internal working model influence childhood friendships

A

the Minesota child-parent study
found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviour
securely attavhed in infancy were highest rated for social competancy later in childhood, because securely attached infants have higher expectations

139
Q

how does the internal working model influence romantic relationships

A

Hazan and Shaver love quiz
a link between early attachment type and later relationships
securely attached individuals had longer lasting romantoc relationships
found others more trusting- more enduring relationships

140
Q

how does the internal working model affect mental health

A

lack of attachment in critical period would result in lack of internal working model
children with disinhibited attachment disorder have no preferred attachment figure, an inability to interact and relate to others and ezperience severe neglect or frequent change of caregivers
happens before age of 5h

141
Q

how does the internal working model influence poor parenting

A

showed a link between poor attachment and later difficulties with parenting- Harlows research with monkeys
Quinton et al showed that the same is true in humans
the lack of internal working model means individuals lack a reference point to subsequently form relationships with their children

142
Q

what was the aim of the minesota study by Sroufe

A

to investigate the relationship between early attachment type and (early years) social and emotional development

143
Q

findings of the Sroufe minesota study

A

those classified as having early secure attachments were later rated as more socially competent- made friends, better at resolving disputes
suggests their posotive internal working model was to trust, have high expectations of relationships and they had higher self esteem

144
Q

aim of hazan and shavers love quiz

A

to test the role of the internal working model on adult relationships

145
Q

findings and conclusions of hazan and shavers love quiz

A

found that 65% were classified as secure, 25% as avoidant and 19% as resistant from a self report
found a posotive correlation between attachment type and love experiences
securely attached adults- love experiences happy and trusting- endured longer 10 years
less jealousy and insecurity with those who were securely attached
lasted 5 and 6 years for resistant and avoidant
found a relationship between the conception of love (the internal working model) and attachment type- securely attached individuals had a posotive internal working model

146
Q

criticisms of hazan and shavers love quiz

A

social desirability bias- people might want to write what they think is soccially acceptable
retrospective data- may forget older childhood memories or may exagerrate them and their severity
they are at risk of incorrect memory recall

147
Q

what is a strength of the internal working model theory

A

support from research eg hazan and shaver

148
Q

what is a limitation of the internal working model theory

A

methodolgocial issues in research and much of the research is correlational so its hard to establish cause and effect
eg other factors could be influencing the childs ability to form attachments like individual temprament- kagans temprement theory

149
Q
A

a level psychology (5 decks)

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