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Psychology paper 1 > attachment > Flashcards

attachment Flashcards

1
Q

what is a bond

A

set of feelings that ties one person to another

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2
Q

what is an attachment

A

a close two-way emotional bond between individuals in which everyone sees the other as essential for their own emotional stability

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3
Q

how do infants and caregivers interact/communicate

A
  • bodily contact
  • mimicking
  • caregiverse
  • international synchrony
  • reciprocity
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4
Q

reciprocity

A
  • An interaction shows reciprocity when each person responds to the other and elicits a response from them
  • birth - 3 months
  • E.G infant smiles at caregivers in response, caregiver says something, smiles or laughs back at them
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5
Q

alert phases

A
  • signals babies show that their ready for interaction
  • feldman = 2/3 mothers pick up on it
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6
Q

active involvement

A
  • Babies and caregivers can initiate interactions and take turns in doing so
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7
Q

interactional synchrony

A
  • The temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behaviour
  • Feldman – mother and baby mirror each other
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8
Q

synchrony begins

A
  • Meltzoff and Moore – observed the beginning of synchrony as young as 2 weeks old
  • Association with adult pulling different faces and baby mimicking it
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9
Q

importance for attachment

A
  • for the development of caregiver-infant attachment
  • Isabella observed 30 mothers and babies together and assessed the degree of synchrony
  • High levels of synchrony = better mother – baby attachment
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10
Q

evaluation of caregiver-infant interaction

A
  • filmed observation
  • difficulty observing babies
  • development importance
  • counterpoint
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11
Q

filmed observation

A
  • filmed in lab
  • control of distractions
  • recorded and analysed later
  • babies don’t know being filmed - no demand characteristics
  • data is reliable and valid
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12
Q

difficulty observing babies

A
  • interpret behaviour
  • many are immobile, movements are subtle
  • cant be certain behaviours seen have special meaning
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13
Q

developmental importance

A
  • may observe irrelevant behaviour
  • feldman ( names given to behaviours with no explanation)
  • cant be sure reciprocity and synchrony are important to child development
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14
Q

developmental importance counterpoint

A
  • isabella - early interaction are important
  • attachment of international synchrony predicted the development of good quality attachment
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15
Q

schaffers stages of attachment procedure

A
  • 60 babies from Glasgow majority from working class
  • Visited babies and mothers in their home every month for the first year and again at 18 months
  • Interviewed mothers – how babies responded to separations ( mum left the room) – measure of separation anxiety
  • Observed interactions with stranger – measure of stranger anxiety
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16
Q

schaffer stage 1

A

asocial stage

17
Q

asocial stage

A
  • Babies observable behaviour towards humans and inanimate objects is fairly similar
  • Preference for familiar people
  • 0-6 weeks
18
Q

schaffer stage 2

A

indiscriminate attachment

19
Q

indiscriminate attachment

A
  • Don’t show separation anxiety when caregivers leave their presence or stranger anxiety in the presence of unfamiliar people
  • 2-7 months
  • Preference for humans not objects
20
Q

schaffer stage 3

A

specific attachment

21
Q

specific attachment

A
  • Signs include anxiety directed towards strangers and separation anxiety
  • Formed a specific attachment – primary attachment figure
  • 7 months
22
Q

schaffer stage 3

A

specific attachment

23
Q

specific attachment

A
  • 7 months
  • Attachment to one person - primary caregiver
  • Signs include anxiety directed towards strangers and separation anxiety
24
Q

schaffer stage 4

A

multiple attachment

25
Q

multiple attachment

A
  • 10-11 + months
  • Extend behaviour to multiple attachments with other people they regularly spend time with
  • secondary attachments
  • Schaffer and Emerson – 29% of children formed secondary attachments within a month of forming primary
26
Q

schaffer stages of attachment evaluation

A
  • good external validity
  • poor evidence for asocial stage
  • real world app
27
Q

good external validity

A
  • Most observations were made by parents during ordinary activities during ordinary activities
  • Participants behaved naturally while being observed
  • If observed by experimenter may have made baby anxious or distracted them
28
Q

counterpoint

A
  • Mothers are unlikely to be objective observers
  • May have been biased
  • E.g. may not have noticed when baby showing signs of anxiety
  • Means even if babies behave naturally, behaviour may have not been accurately recorded
29
Q

poor evidence for asocial stage

A
  • Babies have poor co-ordination and are quite immobile
  • If baby felt anxiety it may have displayed it very subtly
  • Making it hard for mothers to report back to researchers
  • Means baby may be quite sociable but because of flawed methods may appear to be asocial
30
Q

real world app

A
  • day care
  • Asocial and discriminate attachment stages day care is likely to be simple as babies can be comforted by any skilled adult
  • However during the specific attachment stage, it may be difficult without an unfamiliar adult
  • Means parents use of day care can be planned using the stages
31
Q

role of the father

A
  • attachment to fathers
  • distinctive role for fathers
  • as primary attachment figure
32
Q

attachment to fathers

A

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
- Majority of infants first attached to mothers (7 months)
- 3% of cases, infant first attached to fathers
- 27% of cases, father and mother as joint first attachment
- 75% of cases infant formed an attachment with their father by 18 months

33
Q

distinctive role for fathers

A

Grossmann (2002)
- Longitude study where babies attachment were studied until they were teens
- Looked at both parents behaviour and relationship to quality of babies attachment to other people
- Quality of attachment with mothers was important to attachment in adolescence
- Suggests attachment to fathers is less important than attachment to mothers
- Quality of fathers play with babies was related to the quality of adolescent attachment
- Suggests fathers have a different role from mothers – play and stimulation, less to do with emotional development

34
Q

fathers as primary attachment figures

A
  • Forms the basis of all later close emotional relationships
  • When fathers take on the role of primary caregiver they are able to adopt the emotional role more typically associated with mothers
35
Q

fields 1978 research

A
  • Filmed 4 month old babies face-to-face interaction with primary caregiver mothers, secondary fathers and primary fathers
  • Primary fathers spent more time smiling, imitating, (interactional synchrony – part of the process of attachment) than the secondary fathers
  • Shows fathers have the potential to be the more emotion-focused primary attachment figure – can provide the responsiveness required for close emotional attachment
36
Q

role of father evaluation

A
  • confusion over research questions
  • conflicting evidence
  • real world app
37
Q

confusion over research questions

A
  • Question ‘what is the role of a father?’ in context of attachment is complicated
  • Different researchers want to know role of father in primary or secondary attachment figures
  • Makes it difficult to offer a simple answer as it depends what specific role is being discussed
38
Q

conflicting evidence

A
  • Findings vary according to the methodology used
  • Longitudinal studies (Grossmann) have suggested that secondary fathers have important role in child development involving play and stimulation
  • However, if true we would expect children in single mother or lesbian families to turn out differently
  • McCallum and Golombok show children don’t develop differently from children in 2 parent heterosexual families
  • Question remains unanswered

Psychology paper 1 (3 decks)

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