Attachment Flashcards
Who found out about Care-giver Interactions and their stages?
Maccoby (1980)
What is Reciprocity?
An interaction (turn taking), shows a secure relationship
What is Interactional Synchrony?
Caregiver and infant does same action at same time, shows a very secure relationship
What is the Alert Phase according to Maccoby?
Around 3 months
Infants signal when they are ready for interactions, like smiling and eye contact
What is Active Involvement?
Babies begin to take an active role in interactions in the alert phase
Evaluate the experiment of Caregiver-Infant Interactions?
+ Done in a lab
+ Film footage can be analysed later
+ No demand characteristics (they’re babies)
- Difficult to observe babies
Who studied into ‘Fathers as Attachment Figures’?
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
What were the findings of Schaffer and Emerson?
- Found babies become attached to their mothers first, at around 7 months
- Only 3% were attached to their fathers first
- Mothers were Primary Attachment Figures 70% of the time
- Mothers and Fathers were joint primary care givers 27% of the time
- Most have Secondary Attachment Figures to their fathers by 18 months
What was Schaffer and Emerson’ study into the Stages of Attachment?
- Longitudinal study using 60 new-born babies and their mothers in Glasgow
- Mothers and babies were studied every month, using observations and interviews
What was Schaffer and Emerson’s Stages of Attachment theory?
- A(ll) - Asocial Stage (Similar behaviour towards objects and humans)
- I(nfants) - Indiscriminate Attachment (2-7 months, preference for humans)
- S(pit) - Specific Attachment (From 7 months, attachment to 1 adult, separation and stranger anxiety)
- M(ayo) - Multiple Attachments (After 1 year, display of separation anxiety to other caregivers too)
Who conducted the 2 animal studies into attachment?
Lorenz - Imprinting (1935)
Harlow - Monkeys (1958)
What was Lorenz’s study?
- Experiment with Geese
- Cond1 - HE was the first moving object seen by the goose chicks, found they followed him as if he were their mother
- Cond2 - the MOTHER goose was the first moving object they saw, found they preferred her when they were young
What was Harlow’s study?
- Created 2 wire ‘mother’ monkeys, one covered in soft cloth, one was wired with milk
- Studied 8 monkeys over 150 days
- Found, all 8 monkeys spent most of their time with the cloth covered wire monkey
What were the two learning theories?
Pavlov, Classical Conditioning
Skinner, Operant Conditioning
What was Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment?
- Food (Unconditioned Stimulus) leads to salivation (Unconditioned Response)
- Bell (Neutral Stimulus) is rung before the dog is given food
- Eventually, the bell becomes the Conditioned Stimulus, the dog can now salivate just by the sound of the bell (Conditioned Response)
What’s the relevance of Classical Conditioning in terms of Attachment?
States that infants associate food with the primary caregiver, thus infants like the primary caregiver solely due to them being the ‘conditioned stimulus’
What was the theory of Operant Conditioning?
- A Target Behaviour is likely to be repeated if it is positively reinforced (getting a reward)
- A Target Behaviour is likely to be repeated if there is negative reinforcement (will be punished if not done)
What’s the relevance of Operant Conditioning in terms of Attachment?
Hunger makes the infant uncomfortable and prompts a drive to reduce this discomfort (negative reinforcement) thus the infant is attached to the one feeding them as they get rid of the discomfort
What is Bowlby’s Theory of Monotropy?
Evolutionary
- Monotropy: Believed we form one very special attachment, if the relationship is constant and predictable, and there is hardly any separation
- Internal Working Model: The infant will then develop an internal working model (their idea of what relationships are like, based off of theirs)
- Critical Period: Babies have to form this monotropic attachment within 2-2.5 years, or it could be damaging for life (social, emotional, physical)
- Adaptive: Forming these relationships give us an adaptive advantage (needed to survive)
- Social Releasers: These unlock the innate tendency of adults to care for them (baby face etc)
What did Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s meta-analysis show about cultural variations?
- Found Britain is the most securely attached (75%)
- Germany is the most insecure-avoidant (35%)
- Israel is the most insecure-resistant (29%)
What did Takahishi find? (1990)
- Found lots of Japanese children showed extreme distress at being separated from their parent
- This was because they were rarely ever separated from them, thus would act differently to British kids, but were classified as ‘insecure’
Example of imposed-etic
What did Bowlby find in terms of Maternal Deprivation?
- Child has to form the relationship with monotropic figures within 2 1/2 years, without too much discontinuation in the relationship
- If not, it could lead to lower IQ, as well as lower physical development
What was Bowlby’s 44 Thieves Study?
- Studied 44 juvenile thieves, as well as a control group of 44 adolescents
- Found, 14 of the thieves were ‘affectionless’, none with control group
- Found, 17 of the thieves were separated from their mother from more than 6 months before they were 5
- Correlation between maternal deprivation in infancy and subsequent criminal behaviour later on in life
Define institutionalisation in terms of development
Refers to the effects of living in an institution for long periods of time, like a hospital or an orphanage
