attachment Flashcards
Lorenz 1935
Investigate mechanics of imprinting
Imprinting
Where animals learn their sense of species by following a larger animal presented to them at birth
Lorenz findings
Incubated only followed him - no bond with mother - imprinting after 4-25 hours - incubated geese tried to mate with humans not gesee
Lorenz AO3
Ethical issues + influenced bowlby + shows effect of relationships on future relationships - not genralisabke to humans
Harlow 1958
New born monkeys died if left alone but survived if given cloth
Harlow procedure
Baby monkeys presented with two mother models - one with milk but no cover the other with fur cover but no milk - chose cover mothers witlhen scared.
Maternal deprivation
Monkeys raised by wire models had less skills, reduced mating and become neglectful mothers
Critical perioud
If a pcg not introduced within 90 days no geniune bond formed - maternal deprivation takes place
Harlow AO3
+ resurch support from lorenz - not genralisable to humans + real world applications to humans - ethical issues - traumatised and dead monkeys
Operant / classical conditioning in attachment bonds
Bonds formed through contitioning with positive and negative reinforcement the infant associates pcg with attending to their needs - better care = better bonds
Attachment as a secondary bond
Attachment learned as a means of satisfying primary drive ie physiological needs
Bowlby 1988
Emphasis on childs atta hment to primary attachment figure - more time with paf the better the relationship
Law of continuities
More consistent care results in better relationship
Law of accumulated separation
Trauma builds up each time paf is seperated from infant
Internal working model
Infant builds scheme of relationship with paf and applies it to future relationships and parenting styles
Bowlbys monotropic theory AO3
-lack of validity, schaffer and emplerson 1964, infants occasionally formed bond with secondary care giver as well, does not suggest that pcg attachemnt diffrent from any others + social release supports, brazelton et al 1975, stopped moving when left alone, mechanism for soliciting care + bailey et al 2007, studed binds between pcg and infant if pcg had poor bond with own pcg more likley to have poor bond with own child
Ainsworth 1978 - strange situations
Studied atta hment style between pcg and infants between 18 mths and 9 yrs old by putting them through 8 ~3minuet trials
Strange situatiins trials
1 - mother baby and experimenter 2 - mother and baby only 3 - mother baby and stranger 4 - baby and stranger only 5 - mother and baby 6 - baby only 7 - stranger and baby only 8 - mothrr and baby only
Scoring of strange situations
Babys scired on 4 criteria: - proximity and contact seeking - contact maintaining - avoidance of proximity / contact - reisrance to contamct / proximity Recored every 15 seconds on scale of 1-7
Reults of strange situatikns
Determined three attachment types, insecure avoidant (type a), secure (type b ) and insecure resistant (type c) a fourth was latter defined in a 1990 study as disorganised
Type A insecure avoidant
No distress when m leaves - plays normally with s - little to no intrest when m returns - comfoted by m and s equally - does not orientate to m when exploring - 15% of attachment styles - pcg withdraws when distressed
Type B secure
Distressed when m leaves - avoident when alone but not when m present - positive to m return - m forms safe base to explore from - 70% of attachment styles - pcg attentive to needs
Insecure resistent
Distressed when m leaves - avoids strangers at all times - approaches m on return but resists contact - explores less - 15% of attachment styles - pcg inconsistent with needs
Strange situations AO3
+wolf and van izendoorn 1997, correlation between parent sensitivity and attachment style - correlation weak - alt theorys, kagdn 1984, attachment style dependent on temprement + recreated in germany - lab - ethnocentric - only mother not pcg - ethics distressing infant
Van izendoorne and kroonburg 1988
Meta analysis of ainsworths strange situations across diffrent culture
Method of VI and K
Compiled data of all 32 studys across 8 countrys
Findings of VI and K
Secure mist common in all culturs, lowest in collectivist cultures highest in individualistic- suggests inate characteristic, cross cultues
Ao3 of VI and K
- assumes strange situaations same in each study - ethnocentric , based on american behaviours - majority of studys western - small samples
Hyper sensitivity in parenting
Western presents expected to react to childs needs japanese parents expected to predict needs of parents - offten profucing insecure resistent attachment styles - but proportions remain consistnet with percentages of styles
Selective parenting
In e and w germany after reunification west more nurturing, east more ridged, secure styles arround same level (50%) but type a and c levels varied
Shared parenting
Kibkiltzin - israeli collective farms - children slept in communes away from parents - decreasd level of secure style attachments
Aboriginal parenting
Entire extended family involved in raising if child with multiple bonds - CG do not try to mold child, but give context to life - primarily non verbal - each GC less attentive
Bowlbys monotropic theory of maternal deprivation
healthy psychological development dependent on attachment to mother - if not formed ot disrupted maternal Deprivation occurs
short term seperation
temporary separation from AF ie day care - impact on development and behavioral difficulty’s due to lack of trust - cumulative - infant responds to separation with PDD model:
- protest - immediate reaction - crying, screaming, escape, clinging to AF - outward expression of fear and anger
- despair - becomes calmer but still upset - self-comforts and refuses comfort from others - seems uninterested in anything
- detachment - responds to non-AF but with apprehension - commonly rejects the AF on return
Long term separation
lengthy/permanent separation from AF ie prison or death - Roger and Pryor 1998, children going through 2+ divorces had a lower rate of adjustment + behavioral problems - furstenberg and kiernan 2001, children with divorced parent sscored lower on social dev, emotional, self concept, education and physical health tests
privation
no attachment bond formed - more likely to form long lasting damage - freud and dann 1951 - infants orphaned in concentration camps, cared for in england from ages 3-4 - little language, reduced play and hostile to adults - become attached to care giver slowly, rapid dev after bond formed, made good dev in adult hood - koluchova 1972-91 - step mother locked twins in cellar for 5.5 years - when discovered @ 7 Y.O, underdeveloped, lacked speech, permanent physical and mental damage - given therapy, abopted and put in special school, near normal ability @ 14 Y.O
continuity hypothesis
early emotional experiences shape and impact later relationships - forms scheme applied later on
young et al 1992
3-5 Y.O - securely attached, formed better r/s with friends
transferring behaviors
mullis et al 1999 - characteristics from attachment bond transferred to social situations
shepher 1971
children raised together as friends do not develop sexual relationship - evolutionary device to prevent incest - 3k marrige records from Israeli kibbatz - no children raised together married
secure attachment in adulthood r/s
kirkpatrick and davis 1994 - 300 couples over 3Yrs - secure attachments more stable r/s - belsly 1999 - woman with secure attachment less likley to conflict with husband about time spent together and house hold chores
insecure attachments in adult r/s
mcCartey 1999 - woman’s r/s 25 - 40 Y.O with insecure attachments, insecure avoidant problems with romantic r/s - insecure resistant problems with platonic r/s
Insecure avoidant in adult R/S
Brennan and shaver 1995 - more likely to have casual r/s - preferred non-intimate r/s
insecure resistant in adult r/s
kunce and shaver 1994 - woman with insecure resistant attachments impulsive care givers - mother romantic partners
