attachment

Question 1

Lorenz 1935

Answer 1

Investigate mechanics of imprinting

Question 2

Imprinting

Answer 2

Where animals learn their sense of species by following a larger animal presented to them at birth

Question 3

Lorenz findings

Answer 3

Incubated only followed him - no bond with mother - imprinting after 4-25 hours - incubated geese tried to mate with humans not gesee

Question 4

Lorenz AO3

Answer 4

Ethical issues + influenced bowlby + shows effect of relationships on future relationships - not genralisabke to humans

Question 5

Harlow 1958

Answer 5

New born monkeys died if left alone but survived if given cloth

Question 6

Harlow procedure

Answer 6

Baby monkeys presented with two mother models - one with milk but no cover the other with fur cover but no milk - chose cover mothers witlhen scared.

Question 7

Maternal deprivation

Answer 7

Monkeys raised by wire models had less skills, reduced mating and become neglectful mothers

Question 8

Critical perioud

Answer 8

If a pcg not introduced within 90 days no geniune bond formed - maternal deprivation takes place

Question 9

Harlow AO3

Answer 9

+ resurch support from lorenz - not genralisable to humans + real world applications to humans - ethical issues - traumatised and dead monkeys

Question 10

Operant / classical conditioning in attachment bonds

Answer 10

Bonds formed through contitioning with positive and negative reinforcement the infant associates pcg with attending to their needs - better care = better bonds

Question 11

Attachment as a secondary bond

Answer 11

Attachment learned as a means of satisfying primary drive ie physiological needs

Question 12

Bowlby 1988

Answer 12

Emphasis on childs atta hment to primary attachment figure - more time with paf the better the relationship

Question 13

Law of continuities

Answer 13

More consistent care results in better relationship

Question 14

Law of accumulated separation

Answer 14

Trauma builds up each time paf is seperated from infant

Question 15

Internal working model

Answer 15

Infant builds scheme of relationship with paf and applies it to future relationships and parenting styles

Question 16

Bowlbys monotropic theory AO3

Answer 16

-lack of validity, schaffer and emplerson 1964, infants occasionally formed bond with secondary care giver as well, does not suggest that pcg attachemnt diffrent from any others + social release supports, brazelton et al 1975, stopped moving when left alone, mechanism for soliciting care + bailey et al 2007, studed binds between pcg and infant if pcg had poor bond with own pcg more likley to have poor bond with own child

Question 17

Ainsworth 1978 - strange situations

Answer 17

Studied atta hment style between pcg and infants between 18 mths and 9 yrs old by putting them through 8 ~3minuet trials

Question 18

Strange situatiins trials

Answer 18

1 - mother baby and experimenter
2 - mother and baby only
3 - mother baby and stranger
4 - baby and stranger only
5 - mother and baby
6 - baby only
7 - stranger and baby only
8 - mothrr and baby only

Question 19

Scoring of strange situations

Answer 19

Babys scired on 4 criteria:
- proximity and contact seeking
- contact maintaining
- avoidance of proximity / contact
- reisrance to contamct / proximity
Recored every 15 seconds on scale of 1-7

Question 20

Reults of strange situatikns

Answer 20

Determined three attachment types, insecure avoidant (type a), secure (type b ) and insecure resistant (type c) a fourth was latter defined in a 1990 study as disorganised

Question 21

Type A insecure avoidant

Answer 21

No distress when m leaves - plays normally with s - little to no intrest when m returns - comfoted by m and s equally - does not orientate to m when exploring - 15% of attachment styles - pcg withdraws when distressed

Question 22

Type B secure

Answer 22

Distressed when m leaves - avoident when alone but not when m present - positive to m return - m forms safe base to explore from - 70% of attachment styles - pcg attentive to needs

Question 23

Insecure resistent

Answer 23

Distressed when m leaves - avoids strangers at all times - approaches m on return but resists contact - explores less - 15% of attachment styles - pcg inconsistent with needs

Question 24

Strange situations AO3

Answer 24

+wolf and van izendoorn 1997, correlation between parent sensitivity and attachment style - correlation weak - alt theorys, kagdn 1984, attachment style dependent on temprement + recreated in germany - lab - ethnocentric - only mother not pcg - ethics distressing infant

Question 25

Van izendoorne and kroonburg 1988

Answer 25

Meta analysis of ainsworths strange situations across diffrent culture

Question 26

Method of VI and K

Answer 26

Compiled data of all 32 studys across 8 countrys

Question 27

Findings of VI and K

Answer 27

Secure mist common in all culturs, lowest in collectivist cultures highest in individualistic- suggests inate characteristic, cross cultues

Question 28

Ao3 of VI and K

Answer 28

• assumes strange situaations same in each study - ethnocentric , based on american behaviours - majority of studys western - small samples

Question 29

Hyper sensitivity in parenting

Answer 29

Western presents expected to react to childs needs japanese parents expected to predict needs of parents - offten profucing insecure resistent attachment styles - but proportions remain consistnet with percentages of styles

Question 30

Selective parenting

Answer 30

In e and w germany after reunification west more nurturing, east more ridged, secure styles arround same level (50%) but type a and c levels varied

Question 31

Shared parenting

Answer 31

Kibkiltzin - israeli collective farms - children slept in communes away from parents - decreasd level of secure style attachments

Question 32

Aboriginal parenting

Answer 32

Entire extended family involved in raising if child with multiple bonds - CG do not try to mold child, but give context to life - primarily non verbal - each GC less attentive

Question 33

Bowlbys monotropic theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 33

healthy psychological development dependent on attachment to mother - if not formed ot disrupted maternal Deprivation occurs

Question 34

short term seperation

Answer 34

temporary separation from AF ie day care - impact on development and behavioral difficulty’s due to lack of trust - cumulative - infant responds to separation with PDD model:

• protest - immediate reaction - crying, screaming, escape, clinging to AF - outward expression of fear and anger
• despair - becomes calmer but still upset - self-comforts and refuses comfort from others - seems uninterested in anything
• detachment - responds to non-AF but with apprehension - commonly rejects the AF on return

Question 35

Long term separation

Answer 35

lengthy/permanent separation from AF ie prison or death - Roger and Pryor 1998, children going through 2+ divorces had a lower rate of adjustment + behavioral problems - furstenberg and kiernan 2001, children with divorced parent sscored lower on social dev, emotional, self concept, education and physical health tests

Question 36

privation

Answer 36

no attachment bond formed - more likely to form long lasting damage - freud and dann 1951 - infants orphaned in concentration camps, cared for in england from ages 3-4 - little language, reduced play and hostile to adults - become attached to care giver slowly, rapid dev after bond formed, made good dev in adult hood - koluchova 1972-91 - step mother locked twins in cellar for 5.5 years - when discovered @ 7 Y.O, underdeveloped, lacked speech, permanent physical and mental damage - given therapy, abopted and put in special school, near normal ability @ 14 Y.O

Question 37

continuity hypothesis

Answer 37

early emotional experiences shape and impact later relationships - forms scheme applied later on

Question 38

young et al 1992

Answer 38

3-5 Y.O - securely attached, formed better r/s with friends

Question 39

transferring behaviors

Answer 39

mullis et al 1999 - characteristics from attachment bond transferred to social situations

Question 40

shepher 1971

Answer 40

children raised together as friends do not develop sexual relationship - evolutionary device to prevent incest - 3k marrige records from Israeli kibbatz - no children raised together married

Question 41

secure attachment in adulthood r/s

Answer 41

kirkpatrick and davis 1994 - 300 couples over 3Yrs - secure attachments more stable r/s - belsly 1999 - woman with secure attachment less likley to conflict with husband about time spent together and house hold chores

Question 42

insecure attachments in adult r/s

Answer 42

mcCartey 1999 - woman’s r/s 25 - 40 Y.O with insecure attachments, insecure avoidant problems with romantic r/s - insecure resistant problems with platonic r/s

Question 43

Insecure avoidant in adult R/S

Answer 43

Brennan and shaver 1995 - more likely to have casual r/s - preferred non-intimate r/s

Question 44

insecure resistant in adult r/s

Answer 44

kunce and shaver 1994 - woman with insecure resistant attachments impulsive care givers - mother romantic partners