Approach's Flashcards
behaviorist approach and assumptions
believes behaviors result of prior experiences
only study what is physically observable- thought processes subjective
born as blank slates with no innate ability
valid to study animals - share same prinipals as humans
classical conditioning
learning through association - pavlovs dog study - an unconditioned stimulus is conditioned to produce the same same response as a neutral stimulus without its presence
stimulus genralizeation - a similar stimulus also produces a conditioned response without direct conditioning
stimulus discrimination - a similar stimulus that does not produce a conditioned response as it is too different to the original stimuli
time continuity - NS and UCS must be present in a certain time period of one and other to create an association
operant conditioning
learning by consequences
positive reinforcement - rewards for a desired behavior, increases the likely hood of it being recreated
negative reinforcement - removes a negative stimulus when a desired behavior is done, increases the likely hood of it being recreated
punishment - negative stimulation for an undesired behavior, decreases the likely hood of recreation
thorndike law of effect - if cat escaped box once they could escape a second time quicker
skinners box
two trials
- positive reinforcement - rat given treat when lever pressed
- negative reinforcement - lever pull stops box from being electrified
found 5 patterns of reinforcement
- continuous - behavior is reinforced after every performance - low adoption high extinction
- fixed interval - behavior reinforced after a set amount of performances - high response high extinction
- variable interval - behavior reinforced after a varied amount of performances - very fast response very low extinction
- fixed ratio - behavior reinforced after a set amount of time providing it is performed at least once in the time span - cyclical response fast extinction
- variable ratio - behavior reinforced after a varied time frame providing it is performed at least once in the time span - longer cyclical response low extinction
AO3:
- barnet 2000 - animal study not genralisable to humans - more simplistic
+ high external validity - easy to recreate
+ effective treatment based on it - CBT
- deterministic
- reductionist
Social learning Theory and mediating factors
bandura 1962 - proposed SLT, main principle being children learning vicariously - assumes behaviors are learned from environment, or from observing others, children are born a blank slate
mediating factors for imitation - attention, retention, reproduction and motivation
imitation - imitating the behaviors of a role model
identification - identifying the behavior to recreate
modeling - a role model who displays the observed behavior
vicarious reinforcement - learning through other’s action and the consequences
role model selection
same sex similar age people of power and influence real world rather than animated socially positive behaviors
bandoras bobo doll study
identifies how children learn anti-scoial behaviours - watched adult act aggressive to a bobo doll - those that watched this were more likely to imitate behaviors when in same situation
AO3
+ kun sung tribe - no aggression or violence in culture - not exhibited in children
- only studied children
- short term
- reductionist
+ philips 1986 - homicide rate increased after major boxing matches
+ pillag 2000 - found that testosterone levels correlated with aggression
parts of the mind - psychodynamic
conscious - what the person is currently thinking and aware of - smallest part - contains ego:
- developed in growth - reality principle - balances and rationalizes Id and super ego - protects Id against displeasure
preconscious - between conscious and unconscious - dream state - second smallest part - contains superego:
- develops in phallic stage - morality principle - judges right and wrong - representation of same sex parent - violating it causes anxiety
unconscious - rest of mind - instincts, traumas, fears, memories, personality - pleasure principle - present from birth - needs and wants
psychosexual stages of development
oral - 0-18mth - pleasure from biting, chewing and sucking - totally dependent on mother
anal - 18mth -3yrs - pleasure from toileting - control of environment - independence from mother
phallic - 3-6yrs - pleasure from genitalia - odepus and electra complex
latent - 6yrs-puberty - sexual desires stop
genital - puberty + - sexual desires mature and become romantic
psychosexual fixations
frustrations - not enough pleasure at a given stage causing a fixation
over indulgent - too much pleasure at a given stage causing a fixation
oral dependent - friendliness, optimism, generosity, and tolerance of dependency on others
oral aggressive - hostile, violence, jealousy, and exploitation
anal expulsive - cruelty, emotional outbursts, disorganization, self-confidence, artistic ability, generosity, rebelliousness and general carelessness
anal retentive - extreme need to control their environment
phallic personality - a pattern of narcissistic behavior exemplified by boastfulness, excessive self-assurance, vanity, compulsive sexual behavior, and in some cases competitive, aggressive, or exhibitionistic behavior
little hans 1909
case study of phobic child
feud thought fear of horses projection of fear of mother abandoning him - frightened of castration generalized to sister
ao3:
+ introduced therapies to access unconscious mind - psychoanalysis, dream analysis and free association - used to treat unconscious conflicts
- inference without empirical evidence to support
- reductionist
- inferences illogical
defense mechanisms
mechanisms to protect the ego from displeasure
identification with the aggressor - internalizing the behaviors of the aggressor to build a connection and avoid hostility
repression - suppressing memories in unconscious to protect superego - not very successful - can resurface in subconscious as Freudian slip
projection - unwanted thoughts, behaviors and feelings are attributed to another person
displacement - redirection of impulses (often aggressive) onto a powerless substitute (ie dog) - often occurs as a result of Id wanting something superego does not want
sublimation - displacement but into positive outlet not destructive outlet
denial - refusing to accept reality - blocks external thoughts from awareness
regression - ego reverts to earlier stage of development - retreats to a stage where they felt safer - becoming childish when scared
rationalization - distortion of facts or accepting a less threatening impulse
reaction formation - beyond denial, acting in the opposite to how they feel - adopt showy and compulsive conscious behaviors to compensate
humanist assumptions
everyone has free will - choose how they act in a given situation
everyone and their view of the world is unique - only p can interpret their world
maslows hierarchy of needs 1968
physiological -> safety -> belonging ->esteem fulfillment -> self actualization
AO3
+ hegarty 1999 - compared 88 countries economic development - LIC’s focused on lower levels, HIC’s focused on top levels -> could be negative - ethnocentric
- no empirical evidence
+ widely used - especially in education
- nevis 1983 - western cultures valued working on personal identity where as eastern cultured valued social belonging more (about the same as food)
rogers self-concept
self concept - how we view our self
developed through childhood through interactions with role models
to have a healthy self concept we must feel good about how others feel about us
the closer our ideal self is to our self concept the more healthy it is
congruence - close ideal self and self concept
in-congruence - distant self concept and ideal self
harper et al 1996 - teenagers forced to peruse a career to satisfy parent more likely to be incongruent
condition of worth - where people only see you as positive if a set of predetermined conditions are met, can stunt heiracrcy of needs progress if not met
unconditional positive regard - viewed in positive light regardless of actions
AO3
- not empirically measurable
- self report unreliable
- fails to recognize self destructive behaviours
+ hueistic
+ values individual
+ behavior focused
