ATP & Enzymes Flashcards
Energy is the capacity to____
make change against a resistant force
Cellular Work:
Anabolic reactions
-building large molecules
chemical work
Cellular Work:
Directed movement
-muscle contraction, chromosome separation
mechanical work
Cellular Work:
Building gradients
-pumping substances across a membrane
transport work
Cellular Work:
generating light energy from chemicals
bioluminescence
Anabolic Pathways:
all reaction pathways for biological work are?
endergonic
Monomer + Monomer <->Dimer + H2O
This reaction requires?
Input of energy
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP
Many endergonic reactions are driven forward by energy released from the _____
hydrolysis of ATP
ATP Hydrolysis release____
energy
What are the roles of ATP in the cell?
-Synthesis of RNA (and DNA)
-Synthesis of Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
-Energy needed for endergonic reactions
ATP is an inherently _______ molecule
unstable
Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate group create a ______ product
more stable
Enzymes are biological ____
catalysts
Life is driven by chemical reactions
A -> B
Reactant -> Product
Substate -> Product
All reactions are
reversible
Catalysts accelerate a reaction without being _____
consumed or permanently changed
Biological catalysts are _____
enzymes
Favorable Reaction
(Reactants) AB+CD-> AC + BD (Products)
For energy to move forward energy must be ____
present and available to raise reactants to the transition state
When is energy released in activation energy (Ea)?
-old bonds are broken
-new bonds formed
-product assumes a lower energy, more stable state
Activation energy serves as a ____
barrier to reaction progression and completion
Enzymes Lower Ea:
Enzymes and reactants form an
Enzyme-Substrate (ES) Complex
E + S <-> ES
Enzymes Lower Ea:
Interaction between enzyme and substrate usually ____
high specific
Substrates bind at
(groove or packet exposed on the surface of enzyme)
active site
Operate enzymes under what optimal conditions?
-Temp
-Salt Conc.
-pH
Anything that impacts protein structure affects _____
enzyme function
As [Substrate] increases, the rate of product formed eventually ____
slows down
Controlling Reaction Rate:
increase the rate of product formation
activators
Controlling Reaction Rate:
Decrease the rate of product formation
inhibitors
Types of enzyme inhibitors
-reversible inhibitors
-irreversible inhibitors
Type of Enzyme Inhibitor:
-covalent attachment to enzyme
-usually at active site
irreversible inhibitors
Type of Enzyme Inhibitor:
-non covalent attachment to enzyme
-several types
- competitive inhibitor
- noncompetitive inhibitor
reversible inhibitor
Type of Reversible Inhibitor:
-mimic shape of the substrate
-reduced by increasing the concentration of substrate
competitive inhibitor
Type of Reversible Inhibitor:
-binds to enzyme away from site
-changes structure of enzyme
-reduces ability of enzyme to function normally
noncompetitive inhibitor
