ATP AND RESPIRATION Flashcards
Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration is how we derive energy from the food we eat–specifically from glucose
- here’s the chemical formula for one molecule of glucose [C6H12O6]
- respiration acquire energy at this point in anaerobic respiration the traveling does not have access to oxygen so the two cannot be added together as they do in aerobic respiration
ATP
- First, our bodies have to turn that energy into a really specific form of stored energy called ATP, or adenosine triphosphate
- In order to be able to use it, our cells need energy to be transferred into adenosine triphosphate to be able to grow, move, create electrical impulses in our nerves and brains.
- adenosine triphosphate is made up of a nitrogenous base called adenine with a sugar called ribose and three phosphate groups attached to it
- an OH pairing that’s called a hydroxide
- ATP is spent, let’s see how it’s minted – nice and new – by cellular respiration.glucose is transformed into ATPs over 3 separate stages: glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain
Glycolysis
- first step: glycolysis, or the breaking down of the glucose. Glucose, of course, is a sugar–you know this because it’s got an “ose” at the end of it. And glycolysis is just the breaking up of glucose’s 6 carbon ring into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acids or pyruvate molecules.
- Glycolysis needs the investment of 2 ATPs in order to work, and in the 4 ATPs, for a net profit, if you will, of 2 ATPs. In addition to those 4 ATPs, glycolysis also results in 2 pyruvates and 2 super-energy-rich morsels called NADH, which is sort of the love-children of a B vitamin called NAD+ pairing with energized electrons and hydrogen to create storehouses of energy that will later be tapped to make ATP.
- tarts it off glycolysis takes the glucose molecule and divides into two pyruvic acid molecules and it’s two molecules of ATP gaining ATP through anaerobic respiration
- As I mentioned, oxygen is necessary for the overall process of cellular respiration. But not every stage of it. Glycolysis, for example, can take place without oxygen, which makes it an anaerobic process. In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvates formed through glycolysis get rerouted into a process called fermentation. If there’s no oxygen in the cell, it needs more of that NAD+ to keep the glycolysis process going. So fermentation frees up some NAD+, which happens to create some interesting by-products. No
Krebs cycle
- the Krebs Cycle is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle
- enzymes are essential here; they’re proteins that bring together the stuff that needs to react with each other, and they bring it together in just the right way. These enzymes bring together a phosphate with ADP, to create another ATP molecule for each pyruvate. Enzymes also help join the acetyl CoA and a 4-carbon molecule called oxaloacetic acid.
Krebs cycle the energy given off convert this into NADH which also attracts electrons reducing NADH in to nad plus until NADH is full and electrons can no longer between them
- the electron transport chain allows for the transfer of electrons such that they’re moving through a series of proteins and the energy of those proteins is used to pump protons
- the citric acid is then oxidized over a bunch of intricate steps, cutting carbons off left and right, to eventually get back to oxaloacetic acid, which is what makes the Krebs Cycle a cycle. And as the carbons get cleaved off the citric acid, there are leftovers in the form of CO2 or carbon dioxide, which are exhaled by the cell, and eventually by you. No
NAD & FAD
- NAD+ and FAD are both chummy little enzymes that are related to B vitamins, derivatives of Niacin and Riboflavin
- NAD+s and FADs are like batteries, big awkward batteries that pick up hydrogen and energized electrons from each pyruvate, which in effect charges them up. The addition of hydrogen turns them into NADH and FADH2, respectively. Each pyruvate yields 3 NADHs and 1 FADH2 per cycle, and since each glucose has been broken down into two pyruvates, that means each glucose molecule can produce 6 NADHs and 2 FADH2s.
- The main purpose of the Krebs Cycle is to make these powerhouses for the next and final step, the Electron Transport Chain.
Aerobic respiration
-aerobically and anaerobically aerobic respiration the first when organisms take organic compounds in the presence of oxygen and converted into carbon dioxide water and AT
Pyruvic acid
-the pyruvic acid that was primarily produced after glycolysis is now converted further into lactic acid the electrons from the formation of lactic acid is converted from NADH and can be transferred to lactate, therefore, freeing up the nad plus and regaining more electrons
Glycolysis and ADP
-glycolysis to occur over and over again generating a small amount of ATP each time although we are not gaining as much ATP as we do through aerobic respiration this still serves as a sufficient temporary supply of energy and still gets the team closer to their objective in humans anaerobic respiration is carried out for only a short period of time it normally occurs during strenuous physical exercises it allows our bodies to push ourselves further than Arabic respiration would allow however as a result of anaerobic respiration lactic acid is produced and builds up amongst the muscles this buildup is the main reason why our muscles become weak and feel pain after exertion and why it’s highly suggested that we stop running or moving so intensely in order to overcome this buildup one uses rapid breathing to restore oxygen supply to the muscles allowing the acid to diffuse out of the muscles and into the blood where it will be carried to the liver for the conversion of glucose
Note
-chemosynthesis uses inorganic molecules
Trophs
- Autotrophs- Make their own food
- Heterotrophs- Consume others for food
