ATP and oxygen demand

Question 1

what is anaerobic fermentation

Answer 1

• lactate, option after glycolysis
• high O2: Krebs cycle, ETC = ATP
• low O2: fermentation
• fermentation: no O2, pyruvate to lactic acid or ethanol (regenerates NAD_)
• lactate: low O2, reduce pyruvate to lactate (toxic by product, transported to liver, oxidation of NADH)

Question 2

what is aerobic vs anaerobic

Answer 2

• anaerobic: no O2, ATP yield is limited, by-product is toxic, cytoplasm
• aerobic: produces larger amounts of ATP, less toxic-byproducts, demands O2, mitochondria

Question 3

what are examples of immediate energy sources and when are they required

Answer 3

• required: sudden, intense exercise, insufficient oxygen for aerobic
• myoglobin: limited aerobic respiration
• phosphagen system: cells ‘borrow’ phosphate to convert ADP to ATP, creatine phosphate (excess ATP in muscle cells), creatine kinase (enzyme / protein, promotes synthesis of CP), about 14-16 sec. of sprinting

Question 4

what are examples of short term energy

Answer 4

• anaerobic fermentation: ‘buys time’ until cardiovascular system can ‘catch up’,increased HR
• glucose and glycogen from muscles consumed, increase lactic acidic blood / liver
• using ATP liver can produce glucose from lactic acid
• 30-40 seconds of exercise

Question 5

what are examples of long term energy

Answer 5

• cardiovascular system: delivers oxygen fast enough to cater fir aerobic generation of ATP
• little lactic acid production
• glucose / glycogen reserves dictate sustained performance

Question 6

what is muscle fatigue

Answer 6

• loss of ability to contract
• glycogen consumed ATP synthesis declines
• BF reduced, less oxygen
• lactic acid decreases pH, little enzyme function
• psychological loss of desire to continue

Question 7

what is oxygen debt

Answer 7

• following strenuous exercise, pattern of breathing = heavier at rest (repaying O2 debt)
• replace bodies O2 reserves (myoglobin, haemoglobin, dissolved)
• replenishing phosphagen system (synthesising ATP to become ADP and CP)
• oxidising lactic acid (liver, kidneys, convert to pyruvate to glucose to glycogen)
• elevated metabolic rate, increased body temp, increased oxygen demand

Question 8

what energy sources are used by a runner during a race

Answer 8

1. aerobic respiration / adrenaline
2. ATP phosphorylation, aerobic respiration (myoglobin)
3. anaerobic respiration / fermentation (lactic acid)
4. increased HR, BR, O2, aerobic respiration
5. repayment of O2, phosphagen, ATP, glycogen, lactic acid to glycogen and glucose, myoglobin etc

Question 9

what are disorders of cellular respiration

Answer 9

• cells cannot rely on glycolysis exclusively
• newborn: fumarase deficiency (required in CAC)
• dietary: beriberi (vitamin deficiency, related to AcetylCoA)
• toxins: mercury (inhibitor. irreversible, starvation of ATP)