ATP - ADP Flashcards
_____refers to the process
whichbuildsmolecules the body needs; it usuallyrequires energyfor completion.
Anabolism
_____refers to the process thatbreaks downcomplex molecules into smaller molecules; it usuallyreleases energyfor the organism to use.
Catabolism
occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or
system is used to drive another reaction or system.
Energy Coupling
First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
- Energy can be converted or transduced.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
- In any energy transformation, there is a lesser availability of energy to do additional work.
- The loss of energy in a process is a result of a tendency for randomness or disorder (entropy)
The measure of useful energy in a
thermodynamic system under constant temperature and
pressure.
Gibs Free Energy
Exergonic Reaction
- Reaction is _____
- Energy is _____
- ∆G is _____
spontaneous, released, < (less than)
Endergonic Reaction
- Reaction is _____
- Energy is _____
- ∆G is _____
not spontaneous, added, > (greater than)
_____ directly supplies the energy that powers nearly every cellular functions, and it is considered the universal energy “currency.”
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
ATP is chemically made up of combined
nitrogenous base called _____, which
is linked to a five-carbon sugar called
_____, which in turn is linked to a chain
of _____ groups.
adenine, ribose, three (3) phosphate
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
- contains large amounts of _____.
- The two bonds between the phosphates are equal high-energy bonds (phosphoanhydride bonds) that,
when broken, release sufficient
energy to power a variety of cellular reactions and processes.
free energy
ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) has the same structure as ATP, with _____.
one less phosphate group
It has everything to do with the
storage and use of energy in living things.
ATP-ADP CYCLE
When the third phosphate group is removed by HYDROLYSIS (_____), a substantial
amount of free energy is
ATP + H2O - ADP + P + energy
water-mediated breakdown
When
- phosphate is removed, energy
is _____.
- phosphate is added, energy is
_____.
RELEASED, NEEDED
Regeneration of ATP
- For cells to keep functioning, they must generate ______.
ATP
Regeneration of ATP
- The ATP regeneration reaction is just the reverse of the hydrolysis reaction:
energy + ADP + P - ATP + H2O
The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from _____ in the cell.
CATABOLIC REACTIONS
Mechanical work
ATP supplies the energy needed in:
- contraction of muscle fibers
- beating of cilia or movement of flagella
- movement of chromosomes during
mitosis/meiosis
Transport work
ATP supplies the energy needed in:
- pumping of substances across membranes against their
concentration gradient.
Chemical work
ATP supplies the energy needed in:
- synthesizing macromolecules that make up the cell, and therefore the organism.
A working muscles recycled over _____ per second
10 million
