ATP Flashcards
(230 cards)
1
Q
What is a ridge?
A
An extension to a high px sys, mostly U shaped
2
Q
How much thrust is generated by a bypass engine?
A
75 percent thrust
3
Q
What factors affect the range of VHF comms?
A
Frequency, transmitter pwr, fading, obstructions, height of transmitter and receiver
4
Q
What does HUD stand for?
A
Head up display
5
Q
What does the EFIS colour green indicate?
A
Active or selected mode, changing conditions
6
Q
What does the EFIS colour magenta indicate?
A
Command information and wx radar turbulence
7
Q
What does ACAS mean?
A
Airborne collision avoidance system
8
Q
Can CAT be detected?
A
No. Clear air turbulence cannot be detected
9
Q
Where does a swept back wing stall first?
A
At the tip as the higher aerodynamic loading at the tip is caused by the angle of incidence
10
Q
What is the definition of a damp RW?
A
The sfc shows a change of colour due to moisture
11
Q
What is another word for V2?
A
Take off safety speed (TOSS). The min speed in which you need to reach a height of 35ft above the RW
12
Q
What are the DI (directional indicator) errors?
A
gyroscope and total wander failures
13
Q
Describe a cold front?
A
A cold front is the boundary btwn 2 air masses where the colder air mass slides under the warmer air mass
14
Q
What is VMBE
A
Max brake energy spd.
e.g. if emergency brake to abort TO you should note the spd in which you applied brakes.
15
Q
What are your feelings during a fwd acceleration?
A
Pitch up
16
Q
Which 2 grd transmitters does an ILS use?
A
Glide slope and localiser
17
Q
How do we define Vy?
A
The rate of climb, the highest vertical spd that gains height in the shortest amount of time
18
Q
What is G force?
A
G force is a unit of measurement used to describe the acceleration caused by earth’s gravity
19
Q
What is a dutch roll?
A
An oscillatory instability associated with swept wing jet AC
20
Q
What is ELR?
A
Environmental lapse rate, according to ISA, 2 degrees C per 1000ft height or altitude gained
21
Q
What is the definition of a NOTAM?
A
Notices to air men
22
Q
Is flap position considered an input for the GPWS?
A
Yes
23
Q
What light will you see when passing the middle marker?
A
amber
24
Q
how does an ASI work?
A
Dynamic px (indicated airspd) is measured and displayed in knots per hour
25
Data, calc by an air data computer, can be entered into...?
AP, FDS (flight director sys), FMC, GPWS
26
What things are associated with mountain waves?
CAT and lenticular clouds
27
at what cabin alt should a pilot use oxygen?
10,000ft
28
What is the function of a CSD?
Constant spd drive - function of CSD in an AC generating sys is to drive the generator at a constant spd
29
What is an isogonal?
Lines joining points of equal variation on the earth's sfc
30
What happens to the screen height when the RW is wet?
Decreases
31
What instrument measures compressor low RPM?
N1
32
Name 3 px flight instruments?
ASI, VSI, ALT
33
What are artificial horizon errors?
Turning, acceleration errors and real wander
34
What are the NDB and ADF errors?
Dip, interference, static (TS), coastal refraction, night and mountain effect, AC quadrantal error
35
What is the definition of a wet RW?
The sfc is soaked but no significant patches of standing water are visible
36
What are the data inputs that go to the ADC?
Dynamic, static px and TAT (total air temp)
37
What is a volume of air of equal temp and similar humidity?
Air mass
38
How do you correct for dutch roll?
Apply opposite aileron to the direction of the roll
39
Passing the transition alt, how should you set the altimetre?
Standard 1013.25
40
What are the characteristics of the AC when it reaches it's critical Mach number?
Increase in drag due to the breakdown of airflow, nose down pitching tendency (mach tuck), initial mach buffet and possible loss of control
41
If, during a loss of comms you are on final and see a red flare (red rocket) on the RW, what do you do?
GA/DO NOT land.
42
How does an altimetre work?
Alt measures static px so as the AC climbs the static px decreases causing a capsule to expand and turning the needle to a higher value
43
What is the aviation definition of a flight level?
The measured px level above 1013
44
What is a great circle?
A line of shortest distance on a sphere with changing track direction
45
What is the difference btwn IAS and TAS?
TAS is IAS adj for changes in air density and alt
46
What is real wander?
Friction
47
What are the disadvantages of a swept wing?
Poor lift quality, wing tip stalling tendency, speed instability, higher stall spds
48
What is wing twist? Why do we have it?
An aerodynamic feature added to the AC wings to adjust lift distribution along the wing
49
What is altitude?
Altitude above mean sea level (MSL)
50
When is wind shear dangerous?
Low level temp inversions
51
What is a disadvan of a T-tail?
Deep stall
52
What is the error of the artificial horizon during fwd accelerations?
Nose up
53
What is Loran C?
A long range nav sys that operates in the low freq band
54
Which part of the vestibular apparatus is affected by changes in gravity and linear acceleration?
The sacculus and utriculus
55
What is the purpose of a Mach trimmer?
A mach trimmer compensates automatically for longitudinal instability (Mach tuck) above Mcrit
56
How do we call a decrease in the angle of incidence from the wing root to the tip?
Washout
57
What is SALR?
Saturated adiabatic lapse rate
58
How can we calc total apparent wander?
Total apparent wander = transport wander + apparent wander
59
How do we calc Vref?
Vs (LDG config) x 1.3
60
What does the abbreviation VNE mean?
Never exceed velocity
61
What properties affect the stall spd?
Altitude, weight (LF, CoG position), configuration (e.g. flaps) and wing design
62
What does ETOPS mean?
Extended twin operations
63
What does VIMD mean?
Min drag spd
64
What is the definition of TAS?
Actual spd of an AC through the air mass in which it is flying
65
Describe advection fog.
Advection fog occurs when moist air passes over a cooler sfc through advection
66
how can heat be transferred into the atmosphere?
Radiation, convection, conduction
67
What are the AICs?
Aeronautical information circulars and are published monthly
68
What does FADEC mean?
Full authority digital engine control
69
What is the CoP?
The point on the wing through which the lifting force is produced
70
How would you ID wind shear? Does your current AC have WS detection? How does it work?
Grd spd, ASI varies and (i.e. 15kts or more), VSI (changes 500fpm or more) dramatically, pitch attitude excursions of 5 degrees or more, Glide slope deviation of one dot or more, HDG variations of 10 degrees or more an unusual AT activity or throttle lever position. No and GPWS, Airborne windshear warning sys and wx radars can assist in ID windshear.
71
What are the CAT C spds?
Btwn 121 and 140kts
72
GS 300kts, you must be at 20,000 within the next 50NM. What is the rate you have to keep?
2000fpm
73
what are the components of a remote indicating compass?
Detector unit, gyroscope, feedback sys
74
What is the relationship between VS and V2?
V2 is equal to or greater than Vs x1.2
75
What does EGPWS stand for?
Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Sys
76
What is an advantage of a T-tail?
Increases elevator effectiveness, the tail is out of the downwash
77
What does the abbreviation EFIS mean?
Electronic flight instrument sys
78
Follow a great circle from BCN (43N) to NYC (42N). Your true HDG ...?
Decreases
79
What does CAVOK indicate?
No clouds below 5,000ft or below the highest MSA, visibility equal or greater than 10km, no TS, fog, snow, CBs or other forms of precipitation
80
What is the function of a hydraulic accumulator?
To supply a ltd amount of brake energy in case the hydraulic sys normally powering the brakes becomes U/S
81
What is a rhumb line?
A track with constant direction on a sphere and therefore a longer distance than a great circle
82
How can we calc TODA?
Usable RW + clearway
83
What is CAT, and do you know an eg of CAT?
Clear air turbulence.
| Lenticular clouds
84
Name several examples of disadv of high alt operation.
less engine thrust, reduced TO weight, brake cooling can become critical at LDG
85
What aspects are involved in the formation of a TS?
High moisture content, trigger lifting action, adiabatic cooling, unstable atmosphere
86
What are the gyro flight instruments
DI, AH, turn co-ordinator
87
Define induced drag
Induced drag is caused by creating lift
88
What is described by environmental capture?
The tendency for a skill to be executed in an environment in which it is freq exercised even if it is inappropriate. E.g. skill acquired in one AC is executed in a new AC even tho it's inappropriate to do so
89
What is a jetstream?
Narrow bands of high spd upper thermal winds at very high alt.
90
What is a warm front?
Boundary between 2 air masses where the warm air moves over the colder air mass
91
What is an example of an AC with a high aspect ratio?
Glider.
92
What are the types of hydroplaning? How can hydroplaning spd be calc?
Dynamic, viscous and reverted rubber.
This is the point in which braking action is no longer effective. Hydroplaning spd = 7.7 x square root of tyre PSI
Non rotating tyre = 7.7
Rotating tire = 9
93
What is the main function of the Eustachian tube?
To equalise px btwn middle ear and the external atmosphere.
94
What is the screen height of a jet?
35ft
95
how can we calc range of NDB over land and water?
Range over land in nm: 3x root (pwr output in watts)
| Range over sea in nm: 9 x root (pwr ooutput in watts)
96
Why does a wing stall?
Due to separation of airflow on the wing's upper sfc
97
What organ is responsible for horizontal accelerations?
Otoliths
98
How does the ITCZ affect wx?
ITCZ shifts due to earth's tilt and rotation and it's relation to the sun. As the ITCZ line moves, it brings with it rain from the ocean, thus monsoon season.
99
What are the inputs of EGPWS?
Position, alt, air spd and glide slope.
With the internal airport, obstacle and terrain database, the EGPWS predicts a potential conflict btwn the AC FP and terrian/obstacle
100
What types of wx can we expect at a warm front?
Light rain
101
What is a mach number?
A TAS indication given as a percentage realtive to the local spd of sound
102
What is the tropopause?
The boundary between the troposphere (temp decreases with height) and stratosphere (temp increases with height).
103
Is the height of the tropopause everywhere the same?
No because it depends on the ISA which is affected by the temperature.
104
What are the approach limits for CAT III A?
DH between 50-100ft
RVR at least 200m at TD
RVR at least 150m at mid point
105
What is the ICAO weight definition for heavy (H)?
136,000kg
106
What are the disadv of an INS?
Bounded, unbounded and inherent sys errors
| INS - inertial nav sys
107
What is DALR?
Dry adiabatic lapse rate, 3 degrees C per 1000ft height/alt
108
What is VAT?
Velocity at threshold
109
What has the furthest range, VOR or NDB?
NDB
110
What is screen height?
Min height before the end of the clearway in case of OEI occurs
111
How does a turbo charger work?
By utilising exhaust gases to increase the px of air entering the engine
112
You're at 2,000ft with an outside air temp of 6C. At what height are you freezing?
5,000ft
113
What is a rate 1 turn?
3 degrees per second. Usually calc TAS/10+7
114
What is an anabatic wind?
A wind that flows up the side of a hill
115
How many inches of mercury equals 1hp/millibar
0.0295 inches of mercury
116
When dew point is equal to OAT, relative humdity is..?
100 percent
117
how many cabin crew must be present on an AC?
at least 1 per 50pax
118
What is a critical engine?
The engine, if goes U/S, creates the most adverse effects on the ACs handling and perf.
119
At what cabin alt should pax use oxygen?
14,000ft
120
What is the outbound timing for a hold at 15,000ft?
1.5min timing for holds above 14,000ft
121
Define parasite drag?
parasite drag is all drag that isn't associated with production of lift so form, interference and skin drag.
122
What is a katabatic wind?
A wind that flows down the side of a hill
123
MSA is based on a homing facility and provide vertical clearance within how many nautical miles?
25nm
124
What type of wx can we expect at a cold front?
Towering clouds and TS
125
You are at W40 and the sun is on the vertical. How long does it take to get the sun to W85?
3hrs
126
What is VMCG?
Min control spd on the ground at which the AC is directionally controllable
127
What are the characteristics of the wing of a jet?
Swept, min camber and thin
128
How can we calc the local spd of sound?
LSS =38.94 x root (absolute temp)
129
What is another word for V1?
Decision spd
130
QNH set to 989 instead of 998, what is the altitude diff?
9 x 30ft = 270ft
131
What happens to the ASI if the pitot probe is blocked in a climb?
Increases
132
What is VMCA?
Min control spd in the air at which the AC is directionally stable after OEI
133
Linear acceleration when flying S and L in IMC may give the illusion of?
Pitching up/climbing
134
What is deviation?
Diff btwn direction of mag north and compass north
135
How can we calc dept?
Dept (nm) = change in long (mins) x cos of lat
136
What does MCP mean?
Mode control panel
137
What is the min cabin px for a commercial flight?
10,000ft
138
What is the relationship between V1 and VMCG?
V1 is the decision speed in which there is no longer sufficient RW to stop on while VMCG is the min spd required to maintain directional control with OEI
139
What is the outbound timing for a hold at 10,000ft?
1 min
| Up to and incl. 14,000ft
140
What is the blue line spd of your last multi engine AC?
Vy for OEI
| For the BE76 it was 70kts
141
What are the components of an INS?
Accelerometres, gyroscopes, position computer
142
What is propulsive efficiency?
The percentage in which energy is converted into useful energy for acceleration
143
What is the best way to lead an AC for max range?
Aft CoG due to natural enroute nose up tendency
144
Describe the 4 stages of a std dept?
1. 35ft above ref to point where gear fully retracted.
2. Gear up height to level off height (if req and min 400ft) for flap retraction. Min spd V2.
3. Acceleration to accomplish flap retraction
4. Final segment climb to min 1500ft
145
What prevents dutch roll?
yaw dampners on swept wing AC
146
name the 3 types of aquaplaning
Dynamic , viscous, reverted rubber
D - wedge of water builds and lifts tyres off RW
V - tyre rides on water/oil film
R - tyres lock and melts rubber which turnes to steam further melting the tyre
147
What is the ICAO weight definition for medium (M)?
7,000 to 136,000kg
148
What are the length, width and depth of a typical jetstream?
1500nm long
200nm wide
12,000ft deep
149
What is washout?
A decrease in the angle of incidence from the wing root to the tip.
150
What is the relationship between TAS, Mach number and speed of sound in an equation?
Mach no = TAS/ LSS
151
Describe radiation fog
Forms on inland on cloudless nights as sfc loses heat by radiation and a wind btwn 2 to 8kts
152
What light will you see when passing the inner marker?
White
153
How do we define Vx?
Best angle of climb, used to clear obstacles over the shortest horizontal distance
154
What are the approach limits for CAT I?
DH now lower than 200ft,
| RVR at least 550m at TD or visibility 800m
155
How much percentage do winglets improve perf?
4 to 6 percent
156
what happens to your TO D with a wet RW?
Increases
157
What is mainly responsible for the major climatic changes on the earth?
Solar radiation
158
What are the advan of swept wing?
High mach cruise spd, stability in turbulence
159
What are the altimeter instrument errors?
Instrument, px, barometric, temp, density and time lag
160
What type of current do we have in our houses?
AC
161
What is a high bypass engine?
A high bypass ratio is 5:1. this means 80 percent is being bypassed while 20 percent enters in the 4 stroke cycle
162
Which EHSI modes can display the wx radar?
Expanded NAV, VOR and ILS. Map and centre map mode.
163
How can we calc EPR?
EPR = Turbine outlet px/compressor inlet px
164
What are the inputs of GPWS?
Flap and gear position, radio alt (AGL) and barometric alt (ASL) for the ROD calcs
165
What is the screen height of a prop AC?
50ft
166
What does FANS mean?
Future air nav sys
167
How does a jet engine work?
Air is sucked in the engine by a fan and then compressed. This causes air px to increase. This px, combo with fuel is lit by an electrical spark (ignition) causing burning gas to expand and blast through the back of the engine thus cause fwd thrust.
168
What are the examples of AT operating control modes?
TO thrust, GA thrust and Airspeed/Mach hold
169
GS 360kts. you must go from 60N 10E to 55N 10E. How long does it take us?
50 minutes
170
How is oxygen transported in an organism?
Through hemoglobin in the blood
171
What are the high lift devices?
LE flaps (Kruger), slats (fowler), slots, TE flaps at low angles
172
What sys protect against a stall?
Stick pushers and stall warners
173
how can we calc moment?
Moment = weight x arm
174
What is the definition of a flooded RW?
Extensive standing water is visible
175
What is Mcrit?
This is the mach spd of the AC at which the airflow over the wing becomes sonic
176
Does the CoP move fwd or aft on a swept wing as the AC passes Mcrit?
Aft
177
Give e.g of sys that use hydraulic pwr
Flight controls, LDG gear, brakes, steering, stairs and doors
178
Does a jet AC have a critical engine?
Not for certification. For XWC there is a critical engine
179
What is drag?
Resistance to motion
180
If the spd triples what happens to lift?
becomes 9x greater
| i.e. cubed
181
why do some AC have winglets?
To reduce induced drag (vortices) and are fuel sufficient
182
On a Lambert chart, scale 1: 500,000. How much is 10cm
50km
183
What is the ITCZ?
Intertropical convergence zone
184
What nav aid do we have in the middle of the Atlantic?
GPS
185
What is the height at which radio alt usually becomes active?
2500ft AGL
186
Whyy would you prefer to fly over the pole?
Due to convergency towards the pole, the distance of 1 degree of long is less than the equator
187
What is the best CoG position during a spin?
Fwd CoG position
188
in case of serious and imminent danger, what is the msg you should transmit?
Mayday
189
what would you do if you encounter wind shear?
Full power, GA
190
What happens to ASI if the pitot prob is blocked in a descent?
Decreases
191
Which forces act on an AC in flight?
lift - weight, drag - thrust
192
What is the min spd of a jetstream to be classified as a jetstream?
60kts
193
What are the mach meter errors?
Px and instrument
194
What are the RT emergency freq?
121.5 and 243 VHF
195
What is an isotherm?
A line of the same mean temp
196
What are the VOR errors?
Propagation, site and equipment
197
In which band does DME operate?
UHF
198
Angular accelerations are perceived by?
The semi-circular canals
199
What is EPR vs IEPR?
EPR = turbine outlet px/compressor inlet px
Some high bypass ratio engines use a series of probes throughout the engine to produce an (integrated) IEPR
200
Is omega a medium or long range nav sys?
Long range operating in VLF band
201
What does INS and IRS?
Inertial nav sys and inertial reference sys
202
What is dew point?
Temp at which air become saturated
203
what is the angle of incidence?
A fixed angle for a wing
204
what is mach tuck?
Is a form of longitudinal instability, it is the nose down pitching moment of an AC after it passes Mcrit.
205
You LD on a wet RW, autobrakes aplied and reversers deployed and the AC starts to skid. What do you do and why?
Disconnect brakes and deploy spoilers to dump lift and put weight on the wheels.
206
What are factors that affect VMCA?
Pwr output from live engine, mass, CoG position, ALT, config, bank angle, pilot factors
207
What is the ICAO weight definition for light (L)?
under 7,000kg
208
What is CoG?
CoG is the point through which the total weight of AC acts
209
What are the approach limits for CAT II?
DH btwn 100 -200ft
RVR at least 300m at TD
RVR at least 150m at mid point
210
How does a super charger operate?
By increasing the air delivered to the engine. Super chargers are not powered by a turbine.
211
What are factors that affect VMCG?
density alt.. VMCG decreases with higher density altitudes
high density alt = less thrust = easier AC control.
212
How can you increase the rigidity of a gyro?
Increasing RPM and mass
213
What is coffin corner and where does it occur?
occurs at ACs absolute ceiling when the spds for Mach number buffet and pre-stall buffet coincide
214
At which points are RVR values measured?
TD, mid pt and end pt
| of RW
215
What are high drag devices?
TE flaps, spoilers, LDG gear and reverse thrust
216
What is the lift formula?
L = 1/2 rho v squared x CI xS
217
What is wind shear?
Any variation of wind spd and/or direction from place to place incl. up and down drafts
218
what does ISA stand for?
international std atmosphere
219
what is an isobar?
line of equal sea level px
220
what does ATIS mean?
automatic terminal info service
221
what light will you see passing the outer marker?
blue
222
What do you do with AC config during windshear? Why?
Leave it because changing config could exacerbate the situation
223
As temp decreases, what happens to the LSS?
Decreases
224
How is a drug and alcohol therapy called?
Action coping
225
what is sublimation?
process of turning water vapour to ice
226
What is the purpose of fuel cross feed?
Fuel balance
227
How can carburetor icing occur?
Humid air and temp drop caused by the venturi
228
What happens to mach as you climb? What about IAS?
Mach increases, IAS decreases
229
What is DECCA?
A medium range nav sys operating in low freq
230
How is an electrical gyro kept erected?
Leveling and torque motors
