ATP Flashcards
What is a ridge?
An extension to a high px sys, mostly U shaped
How much thrust is generated by a bypass engine?
75 percent thrust
What factors affect the range of VHF comms?
Frequency, transmitter pwr, fading, obstructions, height of transmitter and receiver
What does HUD stand for?
Head up display
What does the EFIS colour green indicate?
Active or selected mode, changing conditions
What does the EFIS colour magenta indicate?
Command information and wx radar turbulence
What does ACAS mean?
Airborne collision avoidance system
Can CAT be detected?
No. Clear air turbulence cannot be detected
Where does a swept back wing stall first?
At the tip as the higher aerodynamic loading at the tip is caused by the angle of incidence
What is the definition of a damp RW?
The sfc shows a change of colour due to moisture
What is another word for V2?
Take off safety speed (TOSS). The min speed in which you need to reach a height of 35ft above the RW
What are the DI (directional indicator) errors?
gyroscope and total wander failures
Describe a cold front?
A cold front is the boundary btwn 2 air masses where the colder air mass slides under the warmer air mass
What is VMBE
Max brake energy spd.
e.g. if emergency brake to abort TO you should note the spd in which you applied brakes.
What are your feelings during a fwd acceleration?
Pitch up
Which 2 grd transmitters does an ILS use?
Glide slope and localiser
How do we define Vy?
The rate of climb, the highest vertical spd that gains height in the shortest amount of time
What is G force?
G force is a unit of measurement used to describe the acceleration caused by earth’s gravity
What is a dutch roll?
An oscillatory instability associated with swept wing jet AC
What is ELR?
Environmental lapse rate, according to ISA, 2 degrees C per 1000ft height or altitude gained
What is the definition of a NOTAM?
Notices to air men
Is flap position considered an input for the GPWS?
Yes
What light will you see when passing the middle marker?
amber
how does an ASI work?
Dynamic px (indicated airspd) is measured and displayed in knots per hour
Data, calc by an air data computer, can be entered into…?
AP, FDS (flight director sys), FMC, GPWS
What things are associated with mountain waves?
CAT and lenticular clouds
at what cabin alt should a pilot use oxygen?
10,000ft
What is the function of a CSD?
Constant spd drive - function of CSD in an AC generating sys is to drive the generator at a constant spd
What is an isogonal?
Lines joining points of equal variation on the earth’s sfc
What happens to the screen height when the RW is wet?
Decreases
What instrument measures compressor low RPM?
N1
Name 3 px flight instruments?
ASI, VSI, ALT
What are artificial horizon errors?
Turning, acceleration errors and real wander
What are the NDB and ADF errors?
Dip, interference, static (TS), coastal refraction, night and mountain effect, AC quadrantal error
What is the definition of a wet RW?
The sfc is soaked but no significant patches of standing water are visible
What are the data inputs that go to the ADC?
Dynamic, static px and TAT (total air temp)
What is a volume of air of equal temp and similar humidity?
Air mass
How do you correct for dutch roll?
Apply opposite aileron to the direction of the roll
Passing the transition alt, how should you set the altimetre?
Standard 1013.25
What are the characteristics of the AC when it reaches it’s critical Mach number?
Increase in drag due to the breakdown of airflow, nose down pitching tendency (mach tuck), initial mach buffet and possible loss of control
If, during a loss of comms you are on final and see a red flare (red rocket) on the RW, what do you do?
GA/DO NOT land.
How does an altimetre work?
Alt measures static px so as the AC climbs the static px decreases causing a capsule to expand and turning the needle to a higher value
What is the aviation definition of a flight level?
The measured px level above 1013
What is a great circle?
A line of shortest distance on a sphere with changing track direction
What is the difference btwn IAS and TAS?
TAS is IAS adj for changes in air density and alt
What is real wander?
Friction
What are the disadvantages of a swept wing?
Poor lift quality, wing tip stalling tendency, speed instability, higher stall spds
What is wing twist? Why do we have it?
An aerodynamic feature added to the AC wings to adjust lift distribution along the wing
What is altitude?
Altitude above mean sea level (MSL)
When is wind shear dangerous?
Low level temp inversions
What is a disadvan of a T-tail?
Deep stall
What is the error of the artificial horizon during fwd accelerations?
Nose up
What is Loran C?
A long range nav sys that operates in the low freq band
Which part of the vestibular apparatus is affected by changes in gravity and linear acceleration?
The sacculus and utriculus
What is the purpose of a Mach trimmer?
A mach trimmer compensates automatically for longitudinal instability (Mach tuck) above Mcrit
How do we call a decrease in the angle of incidence from the wing root to the tip?
Washout
What is SALR?
Saturated adiabatic lapse rate
How can we calc total apparent wander?
Total apparent wander = transport wander + apparent wander
How do we calc Vref?
Vs (LDG config) x 1.3
What does the abbreviation VNE mean?
Never exceed velocity
What properties affect the stall spd?
Altitude, weight (LF, CoG position), configuration (e.g. flaps) and wing design
What does ETOPS mean?
Extended twin operations
What does VIMD mean?
Min drag spd
What is the definition of TAS?
Actual spd of an AC through the air mass in which it is flying
Describe advection fog.
Advection fog occurs when moist air passes over a cooler sfc through advection
how can heat be transferred into the atmosphere?
Radiation, convection, conduction
What are the AICs?
Aeronautical information circulars and are published monthly
What does FADEC mean?
Full authority digital engine control
What is the CoP?
The point on the wing through which the lifting force is produced
How would you ID wind shear? Does your current AC have WS detection? How does it work?
Grd spd, ASI varies and (i.e. 15kts or more), VSI (changes 500fpm or more) dramatically, pitch attitude excursions of 5 degrees or more, Glide slope deviation of one dot or more, HDG variations of 10 degrees or more an unusual AT activity or throttle lever position. No and GPWS, Airborne windshear warning sys and wx radars can assist in ID windshear.
What are the CAT C spds?
Btwn 121 and 140kts
GS 300kts, you must be at 20,000 within the next 50NM. What is the rate you have to keep?
2000fpm
what are the components of a remote indicating compass?
Detector unit, gyroscope, feedback sys
What is the relationship between VS and V2?
V2 is equal to or greater than Vs x1.2
What does EGPWS stand for?
Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Sys
What is an advantage of a T-tail?
Increases elevator effectiveness, the tail is out of the downwash
What does the abbreviation EFIS mean?
Electronic flight instrument sys
Follow a great circle from BCN (43N) to NYC (42N). Your true HDG …?
Decreases
What does CAVOK indicate?
No clouds below 5,000ft or below the highest MSA, visibility equal or greater than 10km, no TS, fog, snow, CBs or other forms of precipitation
What is the function of a hydraulic accumulator?
To supply a ltd amount of brake energy in case the hydraulic sys normally powering the brakes becomes U/S
What is a rhumb line?
A track with constant direction on a sphere and therefore a longer distance than a great circle
How can we calc TODA?
Usable RW + clearway
What is CAT, and do you know an eg of CAT?
Clear air turbulence.
Lenticular clouds
Name several examples of disadv of high alt operation.
less engine thrust, reduced TO weight, brake cooling can become critical at LDG
What aspects are involved in the formation of a TS?
High moisture content, trigger lifting action, adiabatic cooling, unstable atmosphere
What are the gyro flight instruments
DI, AH, turn co-ordinator
Define induced drag
Induced drag is caused by creating lift
What is described by environmental capture?
The tendency for a skill to be executed in an environment in which it is freq exercised even if it is inappropriate. E.g. skill acquired in one AC is executed in a new AC even tho it’s inappropriate to do so
What is a jetstream?
Narrow bands of high spd upper thermal winds at very high alt.
What is a warm front?
Boundary between 2 air masses where the warm air moves over the colder air mass
What is an example of an AC with a high aspect ratio?
Glider.
What are the types of hydroplaning? How can hydroplaning spd be calc?
Dynamic, viscous and reverted rubber.
This is the point in which braking action is no longer effective. Hydroplaning spd = 7.7 x square root of tyre PSI
Non rotating tyre = 7.7
Rotating tire = 9
What is the main function of the Eustachian tube?
To equalise px btwn middle ear and the external atmosphere.
What is the screen height of a jet?
35ft
how can we calc range of NDB over land and water?
Range over land in nm: 3x root (pwr output in watts)
Range over sea in nm: 9 x root (pwr ooutput in watts)
Why does a wing stall?
Due to separation of airflow on the wing’s upper sfc
What organ is responsible for horizontal accelerations?
Otoliths
How does the ITCZ affect wx?
ITCZ shifts due to earth’s tilt and rotation and it’s relation to the sun. As the ITCZ line moves, it brings with it rain from the ocean, thus monsoon season.
What are the inputs of EGPWS?
Position, alt, air spd and glide slope.
With the internal airport, obstacle and terrain database, the EGPWS predicts a potential conflict btwn the AC FP and terrian/obstacle
What types of wx can we expect at a warm front?
Light rain
What is a mach number?
A TAS indication given as a percentage realtive to the local spd of sound
What is the tropopause?
The boundary between the troposphere (temp decreases with height) and stratosphere (temp increases with height).
Is the height of the tropopause everywhere the same?
No because it depends on the ISA which is affected by the temperature.
What are the approach limits for CAT III A?
DH between 50-100ft
RVR at least 200m at TD
RVR at least 150m at mid point
What is the ICAO weight definition for heavy (H)?
136,000kg
What are the disadv of an INS?
Bounded, unbounded and inherent sys errors
INS - inertial nav sys
What is DALR?
Dry adiabatic lapse rate, 3 degrees C per 1000ft height/alt
What is VAT?
Velocity at threshold
What has the furthest range, VOR or NDB?
NDB
What is screen height?
Min height before the end of the clearway in case of OEI occurs
How does a turbo charger work?
By utilising exhaust gases to increase the px of air entering the engine
You’re at 2,000ft with an outside air temp of 6C. At what height are you freezing?
5,000ft
What is a rate 1 turn?
3 degrees per second. Usually calc TAS/10+7
What is an anabatic wind?
A wind that flows up the side of a hill
How many inches of mercury equals 1hp/millibar
0.0295 inches of mercury
When dew point is equal to OAT, relative humdity is..?
100 percent
how many cabin crew must be present on an AC?
at least 1 per 50pax
What is a critical engine?
The engine, if goes U/S, creates the most adverse effects on the ACs handling and perf.
At what cabin alt should pax use oxygen?
14,000ft
What is the outbound timing for a hold at 15,000ft?
1.5min timing for holds above 14,000ft
Define parasite drag?
parasite drag is all drag that isn’t associated with production of lift so form, interference and skin drag.
What is a katabatic wind?
A wind that flows down the side of a hill
MSA is based on a homing facility and provide vertical clearance within how many nautical miles?
25nm
What type of wx can we expect at a cold front?
Towering clouds and TS
You are at W40 and the sun is on the vertical. How long does it take to get the sun to W85?
3hrs
What is VMCG?
Min control spd on the ground at which the AC is directionally controllable
What are the characteristics of the wing of a jet?
Swept, min camber and thin
How can we calc the local spd of sound?
LSS =38.94 x root (absolute temp)
What is another word for V1?
Decision spd
QNH set to 989 instead of 998, what is the altitude diff?
9 x 30ft = 270ft
What happens to the ASI if the pitot probe is blocked in a climb?
Increases
What is VMCA?
Min control spd in the air at which the AC is directionally stable after OEI
Linear acceleration when flying S and L in IMC may give the illusion of?
Pitching up/climbing
What is deviation?
Diff btwn direction of mag north and compass north
How can we calc dept?
Dept (nm) = change in long (mins) x cos of lat
What does MCP mean?
Mode control panel
What is the min cabin px for a commercial flight?
10,000ft
What is the relationship between V1 and VMCG?
V1 is the decision speed in which there is no longer sufficient RW to stop on while VMCG is the min spd required to maintain directional control with OEI
What is the outbound timing for a hold at 10,000ft?
1 min
Up to and incl. 14,000ft
What is the blue line spd of your last multi engine AC?
Vy for OEI
For the BE76 it was 70kts
What are the components of an INS?
Accelerometres, gyroscopes, position computer
What is propulsive efficiency?
The percentage in which energy is converted into useful energy for acceleration
What is the best way to lead an AC for max range?
Aft CoG due to natural enroute nose up tendency
Describe the 4 stages of a std dept?
- 35ft above ref to point where gear fully retracted.
- Gear up height to level off height (if req and min 400ft) for flap retraction. Min spd V2.
- Acceleration to accomplish flap retraction
- Final segment climb to min 1500ft
What prevents dutch roll?
yaw dampners on swept wing AC
name the 3 types of aquaplaning
Dynamic , viscous, reverted rubber
D - wedge of water builds and lifts tyres off RW
V - tyre rides on water/oil film
R - tyres lock and melts rubber which turnes to steam further melting the tyre
What is the ICAO weight definition for medium (M)?
7,000 to 136,000kg
What are the length, width and depth of a typical jetstream?
1500nm long
200nm wide
12,000ft deep
What is washout?
A decrease in the angle of incidence from the wing root to the tip.
What is the relationship between TAS, Mach number and speed of sound in an equation?
Mach no = TAS/ LSS
Describe radiation fog
Forms on inland on cloudless nights as sfc loses heat by radiation and a wind btwn 2 to 8kts
What light will you see when passing the inner marker?
White
How do we define Vx?
Best angle of climb, used to clear obstacles over the shortest horizontal distance
What are the approach limits for CAT I?
DH now lower than 200ft,
RVR at least 550m at TD or visibility 800m
How much percentage do winglets improve perf?
4 to 6 percent
what happens to your TO D with a wet RW?
Increases
What is mainly responsible for the major climatic changes on the earth?
Solar radiation
What are the advan of swept wing?
High mach cruise spd, stability in turbulence
What are the altimeter instrument errors?
Instrument, px, barometric, temp, density and time lag
What type of current do we have in our houses?
AC
What is a high bypass engine?
A high bypass ratio is 5:1. this means 80 percent is being bypassed while 20 percent enters in the 4 stroke cycle
Which EHSI modes can display the wx radar?
Expanded NAV, VOR and ILS. Map and centre map mode.
How can we calc EPR?
EPR = Turbine outlet px/compressor inlet px
What are the inputs of GPWS?
Flap and gear position, radio alt (AGL) and barometric alt (ASL) for the ROD calcs
What is the screen height of a prop AC?
50ft
What does FANS mean?
Future air nav sys
How does a jet engine work?
Air is sucked in the engine by a fan and then compressed. This causes air px to increase. This px, combo with fuel is lit by an electrical spark (ignition) causing burning gas to expand and blast through the back of the engine thus cause fwd thrust.
What are the examples of AT operating control modes?
TO thrust, GA thrust and Airspeed/Mach hold
GS 360kts. you must go from 60N 10E to 55N 10E. How long does it take us?
50 minutes
How is oxygen transported in an organism?
Through hemoglobin in the blood
What are the high lift devices?
LE flaps (Kruger), slats (fowler), slots, TE flaps at low angles
What sys protect against a stall?
Stick pushers and stall warners
how can we calc moment?
Moment = weight x arm
What is the definition of a flooded RW?
Extensive standing water is visible
What is Mcrit?
This is the mach spd of the AC at which the airflow over the wing becomes sonic
Does the CoP move fwd or aft on a swept wing as the AC passes Mcrit?
Aft
Give e.g of sys that use hydraulic pwr
Flight controls, LDG gear, brakes, steering, stairs and doors
Does a jet AC have a critical engine?
Not for certification. For XWC there is a critical engine
What is drag?
Resistance to motion
If the spd triples what happens to lift?
becomes 9x greater
i.e. cubed
why do some AC have winglets?
To reduce induced drag (vortices) and are fuel sufficient
On a Lambert chart, scale 1: 500,000. How much is 10cm
50km
What is the ITCZ?
Intertropical convergence zone
What nav aid do we have in the middle of the Atlantic?
GPS
What is the height at which radio alt usually becomes active?
2500ft AGL
Whyy would you prefer to fly over the pole?
Due to convergency towards the pole, the distance of 1 degree of long is less than the equator
What is the best CoG position during a spin?
Fwd CoG position
in case of serious and imminent danger, what is the msg you should transmit?
Mayday
what would you do if you encounter wind shear?
Full power, GA
What happens to ASI if the pitot prob is blocked in a descent?
Decreases
Which forces act on an AC in flight?
lift - weight, drag - thrust
What is the min spd of a jetstream to be classified as a jetstream?
60kts
What are the mach meter errors?
Px and instrument
What are the RT emergency freq?
121.5 and 243 VHF
What is an isotherm?
A line of the same mean temp
What are the VOR errors?
Propagation, site and equipment
In which band does DME operate?
UHF
Angular accelerations are perceived by?
The semi-circular canals
What is EPR vs IEPR?
EPR = turbine outlet px/compressor inlet px
Some high bypass ratio engines use a series of probes throughout the engine to produce an (integrated) IEPR
Is omega a medium or long range nav sys?
Long range operating in VLF band
What does INS and IRS?
Inertial nav sys and inertial reference sys
What is dew point?
Temp at which air become saturated
what is the angle of incidence?
A fixed angle for a wing
what is mach tuck?
Is a form of longitudinal instability, it is the nose down pitching moment of an AC after it passes Mcrit.
You LD on a wet RW, autobrakes aplied and reversers deployed and the AC starts to skid. What do you do and why?
Disconnect brakes and deploy spoilers to dump lift and put weight on the wheels.
What are factors that affect VMCA?
Pwr output from live engine, mass, CoG position, ALT, config, bank angle, pilot factors
What is the ICAO weight definition for light (L)?
under 7,000kg
What is CoG?
CoG is the point through which the total weight of AC acts
What are the approach limits for CAT II?
DH btwn 100 -200ft
RVR at least 300m at TD
RVR at least 150m at mid point
How does a super charger operate?
By increasing the air delivered to the engine. Super chargers are not powered by a turbine.
What are factors that affect VMCG?
density alt.. VMCG decreases with higher density altitudes
high density alt = less thrust = easier AC control.
How can you increase the rigidity of a gyro?
Increasing RPM and mass
What is coffin corner and where does it occur?
occurs at ACs absolute ceiling when the spds for Mach number buffet and pre-stall buffet coincide
At which points are RVR values measured?
TD, mid pt and end pt
of RW
What are high drag devices?
TE flaps, spoilers, LDG gear and reverse thrust
What is the lift formula?
L = 1/2 rho v squared x CI xS
What is wind shear?
Any variation of wind spd and/or direction from place to place incl. up and down drafts
what does ISA stand for?
international std atmosphere
what is an isobar?
line of equal sea level px
what does ATIS mean?
automatic terminal info service
what light will you see passing the outer marker?
blue
What do you do with AC config during windshear? Why?
Leave it because changing config could exacerbate the situation
As temp decreases, what happens to the LSS?
Decreases
How is a drug and alcohol therapy called?
Action coping
what is sublimation?
process of turning water vapour to ice
What is the purpose of fuel cross feed?
Fuel balance
How can carburetor icing occur?
Humid air and temp drop caused by the venturi
What happens to mach as you climb? What about IAS?
Mach increases, IAS decreases
What is DECCA?
A medium range nav sys operating in low freq
How is an electrical gyro kept erected?
Leveling and torque motors
