Atoms To Cells

Question 1

The simplest unit that can exist as an independent living system; the basic unit of any living system

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Hierarchy of cell structure

Answer 2

I. Atom (Elements) 
II. Molecule 
III. Macromolecule
IV. Organelle 
V. Cell

Question 3

Th four most important atoms in living organisms. Composes over 95% of living mass

Answer 3

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Question 4

Quick fact about elements (A pure substance with all atoms being the same)

Answer 4

92 elements occur naturally in the environment. The remaining 26 have to be crated by scientists in the lab. There are 118 proposed elements

Question 5

Structure of an atom

Answer 5

Composed of protons, neutrons and electrons; Protons have a positive electrical change; Neutrons are electrical neutral; Electrons have a negative electrical charge AND movement of electrons causes things to be solid by moving faulty

Question 6

What causes most of the chemical reactions?

Answer 6

Atoms trying to fill up the outermost level

Question 7

This is made up of the number of protons in the nucleus; it equals the number of electrons; it usually equals the number of protons

Answer 7

Atomic Number

Question 8

This is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Answer 8

Atomic Mass / Atomic Weight

Question 9

These elements have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons

Answer 9

Chemically Inert Electrons

Question 10

A special combination of atoms with unique properties; 2 basic types- Organic which must include at least both Carbon and Hydrogen OR Inorganic which does not contain both Carbon and Hydrogen; Atoms react with one another to form these based on the # of electrons in the outermost energy level

Answer 10

Molecule

Question 11

Holds atoms that are inside molecule together; 2 types- ionic which have positive and negative ions that attract each other OR covalent

Answer 11

Chemical Bonds

Question 12

Macromolecules consist of what?

Answer 12

Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, and Lipids; structure determines function

Question 13

Used the electron microscope to discover that some cells had organelles, while others did not; Prokaryotic- do not have organelles AND Eukaryotic- do have organelles; he also modified the three kingdom system of classification to include five kingdoms

Answer 13

Robert Whittaker

Question 14

Kingdoms of Living Organisms:

Answer 14

Plantae - Plants, Animalia - Animals, Protista - Algae and Protozoa, Myceteae - Fungi, Monera - True Bacteria; the bacteria (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) are Prokaryotic

Question 15

System of Classification

Answer 15

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 16

Encloses the internal contents and separates from the external environment

Answer 16

Cell Wall / Cell Membrane

Question 17

Functions to determine the shape of a cell; prevents lysing when the cell is in a liquid environment; the structure is a macro molecular mesh composed of carbohydrate cellulose

Answer 17

Cell Wall

Question 18

Functions by doing selective permeability (passive transport, facilitated transport, active transport); It’s structure is a bilayered membrane that is composed of approx. 60% proteins and 40% lipids; Not found in animal cells; Control what nutrients come in and of the cell

Answer 18

Cell Membrane

Question 19

The random movement of atoms or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

1) … Across a bilayered membrane
2) … Across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 19

1) Passive Transport

2) Diffusion

Question 20

Solute concentration equal on both sides of membrane resulting in equal movement

Answer 20

Isotonic Solution

Question 21

Solute concentration outside of cell is less than inside the cell; water flows into the cell

Answer 21

Hypotonic Solution

Question 22

Solute concentration outside of cell is greater than inside; water flows outside of cell

Answer 22

Hypertonic Solution

Question 23

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient & requires ATP; the modifications can be contra sport or counter-transport

Answer 23

Active Transport