Atoms, Elements and Compounds and The Particulate Nature of Matter Flashcards
Name the states of matter (3)
solids
liquids
gases
State symbol of solid
s
State symbol of liquid
l
State symbol of gas
g
Define a particle
simplest and smallest unit of matter
Define atoms
simplest particles that make up everything
Define compounds
two or more types of atoms chemically joined together
Define a property
characteristic of something
Which state of matter has a fixed shape
solid
Which state of matter has a fixed volume (2)
solid
liquid
Which state of matter flows (2)
liquid
gas
Particle arrangement of solid (3)
packed tightly together
has strong forces of attraction holding particles together
particles only vibrate on the spot
Particle arrangement of liquid (4)
packed tightly together
particles have strong forces of attraction
particles can move over one another
liquids take shape of their container
Particle arrangement of gas (3)
spaced far apart
particles move about freely
spread to fill container they are in
Which states cannot be compressed and why (3)
solids
liquids
particles already packed together
Which state can be compressed and why (2)
gas
particles are spread out
Define melting point
temperature of substance when it changes from solid to liquid
Define boiling point
temperature of substance when it changes from liquid to a gas
Process of change from solid to liquid
melting
Process of change from liquid to gas
boiling
Process of change from gas to liquid
condensing
Process of change from liquid to solid
freezing
How process of evaporation works (4)
liquid particles have some particles which move faster
faster particles have more kinetic energy
hence they have enough energy to escape liquid surface as gas
not all particles evaporate as boiling point not reached
Define molecules
particles of atoms joined together by covalent bonds
Define an ion
charged particles formed by atom gaining or losing electron
Define diffusion (2)
movement of particles through a liquid or gas
movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Determinants of rate of diffusion (2)
molecular mass - larger molecular mass is slower
vacuum - faster as no other particles to collide with
Define a chemical reaction (2)
reaction which occurs when 2 or more substances react to form a new substance
difficult to reverse/irreversible
Define a physical change (3)
involve a change of state
no new substance is made
easily reversible
Name indicators of chemical reaction (4)
colour change
gas produced
solid formed
temperature change
Name reversible reactions (2)
Hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals <-> Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate + Water
Hydrated cobalt(II) chloride <-> Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride + Water
Colour change from hydrated copper sulfate crystals to anhydrous copper sulfate
blue crystals to white powder
Colour change from hydrated cobalt chloride crystals to anhydrous cobalt chloride
pink crystals to blue
Define an element
a substance which contains only one type of atom
Word equation of Hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals <-> Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate + Water
CuSO4 5H2O(s) -> CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)
Chemical equation of Hydrated cobalt(II) chloride <-> Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride + Water
CoCl2 6H2O(s) -> CoCl2(s) + 6H2O(l)
Define mixture
contains elements and compounds not chemically joined together
Properties of metals (7)
shiny/lustrous
good conductors (heat and electricity)
high melting and boiling points
high tensile strength
sonorous (rings when struck)
ductile (can be stretched into wire)
malleable (can be beaten into shape)
Properties of non-metals (4)
dull
poor conductors (heat and electricity)
low melting and boiling points
brittle (breaks easily)
Exceptions to metal and non-metal properties (4)
carbon and silicon have high melting points
carbon in form of graphite conducts electricity
mercury has low melting point
alkali metals are soft, have low melting points, not sonorous
Define metalloids
elements that exhibit characters of both non-metals and metals
Define alloys
substances formed when metals mix with other elements
Examples of alloys (3)
steel
bronze
brass
Define a solution
mixture formed when one substance dissolves fully into another
Define solute
substance that is dissolved
Define solvent
substance which does the dissolving
Define concentration of a solution (2)
amount of solute dissolved in certain volume
can be expressed as number of moles of solute in one decimetre cubed of solution
What 3 sub-atomic particles are in an atom (3)
proton
neutron
electron